Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A+P II > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Aqueous humor is produced continuously throughout life, whereas the vitreous humor— or at least its matrix— is produced mainly during early (embryonic) life.

A

True; however, the liquid component of vitreous humor is gradually replaced as newly formed aqueous humor slowly diffuses into the posterior segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F The optic disc of the eye is a region where the neurons overlying the photoreceptors are pushed aside, so that light can pass almost directly to the photoreceptors.

A

False; the area described is the fovea centralis. The optic disc is the blind spot where neurons & blood vessels enter/leave the eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F While focusing light onto the retina, virtually all of the refraction (bending) of light rays in the eyes occurs within the lens.

A

False; in fact most of the refraction (2/3 or so) occurs as light first enters the cornea, not the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F In the human eye, light must first pass through a layer of nerves and blood vessels before reaching the photoreceptor cells of the retina.

A

True; oddly enough; in fact, this seems to be the plan with vertebrates—look through your retinal blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F Emmetropia refers to a vision disorder also known as “double vision.”

A

False; double vision is diplopia, emmetropia is normal vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F The whole chemical basis for vision is the flipping of a double bond in a photopigment molecule called retinal, from a “kinked” to a “straight” form.

A

True; a splendid example of the biological use of geometric isomers. I’ll never ask you to give me the chemical structure of this molecule, so don’t even THINK about memorizing its structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The lens of the eye [flattens out (weakens) / fattens up (strengthens)] when the ciliary muscles contract.

A

fattens up (strengthens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A [sty/ chalazion/ sebaceous cyst] is an unsightly and painful swelling resulting from an infected tarsal gland.

A

chalazion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Maximum color acuity (sharpness of color vision) in the eye occurs when light is focused upon the [fovea centralis/ optic disc/ blind spot/ retinal periphery].

A

fovea centralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A [sty/ chalazion/ sebaceous cyst] is an infection of any of the smaller glands of the eyelids (i.e., glands other than the tarsal glands).

A

sty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The [fovea centralis/ macula lutea/ blind spot/ uvea/ optic disc] is the region of the retina with the highest density of cones

A

fovea centralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

[Cataracts/ Glaucoma/ Strabismus/ Diplopia] is a condition wherein the extrinsic eye muscles are not perfectly coordinated; aka “double vision.”

A

Diplopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The [canals of Schlemm/ ciliary body/ iris/ suspensory ligaments] produce aqueous humor.

A

ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

[Cataracts/ Glaucoma/ Strabismus/ Diplopia] is a congenitial weakness of one or more extrinsic eye muscles; typically the affected eye rotates medially or laterally is functionally blind.

A

Strabismus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

[Cones/ Rods/ Bipolar cells] are photoreceptors which respond to differences in color.

A

cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

[Cataracts/ Glaucoma/ Strabismus/ Diplopia] is a condition wherein the production of aqueous humor exceeds the drainage, so that intraocular pressures rise as aqueous humor accumulates.

A

glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The process of vision is made possible because of a change in the conformation of a molecule called retinal, which is a derivative of vitamin [A/ B1/ B6/ C/ D/ E/ K].

A

A; eat your carrots for good vision, right??!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[Cataracts/ Glaucoma/ Strabismus/ Diplopia] is a condition wherein salt and water enter the lens, disrupting the crystal-like packing of its proteins and clouding the lens itself.

A

cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The [lens/ cornea/ vitreous humor] is the component on the optical path of the eye which provides the greatest amount of light-bending power.

A

cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

[Myopia / Hyperopia Astigmatism / Presbyopia ] can be considered as an eye disorder where either the eyeball is too long (oblong) or the lens is too strong.

A

myopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

[Aqueous / Vitreous ] humor fills the posterior segment of the eye.

A

Vitreous; Anterior segment (including both its ant. and post. chambers): Aqueous humor; Posterior segment: Vitreous humor. Be careful on this one; it is asking about the posterior segment, not the posterior chamber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

[Cones/ Rods/ Bipolar cells] are photoreceptors which respond to differences brightness
(i.e., shades of gray).

A

rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The [aqueous/ vitreous] humor is a gelatinous substance which is formed in the embryonic stage; it is not replenished during adult life.

A

vitreous; a consequence of this is that damage to the structure of the vitreous humor may heal very slowly, if at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

[Myopia / Hyperopia / Astigmatism / Presbyopia ] can be considered as an eye disorder where either the eyeball is too short (compressed) or the lens is too weak.

A

Hyperopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The [aqueous/ vitreous] humor is continually made and circulated during life; it is collected from the eye by the canals of Schlemm.

A

aqueous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The [canals of Schlemm/ ciliary body/ iris/ suspensory ligaments] drain aqueous humor from the eye

A

canals of Schlemm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sympathetic influence causes the pupils to [ constrict/ dilate/ remain constant].

A

dilate; so we can look for danger in the shadows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The [superior rectus/ inferior rectus /lateral rectus/ medial rectus /superior oblique] muscle is the single muscle most directly responsible for medial tracking of the eye.

A

medial rectus; it’s NOT a trick question!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The [oculomotor / trochlear / facial / abduscens /trigeminal] nerve innervates 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles.

A

oculomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The [fibrous / sensory / vascular ] tunic is the outermost layer of the eye.

A

fibrous

31
Q

The [fibrous / sensory / vascular ] tunic is the innermost layer of the eye.

A

sensory

32
Q

The [sclera/ retina/ ciliary body/ iris /lens ] is part of the fibrous tunic of the eye.

A

sclera

33
Q

The [sclera/ retina/ ciliary body/ iris /lens / cornea ] is another name for the sensory tunic of the eye.

A

retina

34
Q

The lens of the eye [ flattens out for distance viewing/ fattens up for close viewing] under the influence of increasing parasympathetic activity

A

fattens up for close viewing

35
Q

–[detached retina/ presbyopia/ strabismus/ emmetropia /diplopia ]– Stella’s vision became progressively worse as she aged. Her physician told her that she had a common condition called [XXX], which many elderly people develop.

A

presbyopia; Got bifocals?

36
Q

–[strabismus/ anopsia/ hemianopsia/ diplopia /presbyopia ]– Hector began having recurrent headaches, and then noticed that he was losing his peripheral vision in both eyes. Hector’s ophthalmologist informed him that the visual disturbance is called [XXX], and is commonly caused by tumors of or near the pituitary gland. Further tests were ordered.

A

hemianopsia; bitemporal hemianopsia, to be exact

37
Q

The __________________, a small fleshy protrusion from the medial canthus, produces a secretion which may dry during sleep to form “Sandman’s eyesand.”

A

caruncle

38
Q

______________________ glands are modified sebaceous glands lying in vertical columns in the eyelids and producing an oily secretion that lubricates the eyelids and helps prevent them from sticking.

A

tarsal, or Meibomian

39
Q

The __________________________ is the region of the retina with the greatest visual acuity.

A

fovea centralis

40
Q

__________________ refers to pupillary constriction

A

Miosis

41
Q

__________________ refers to pupillary dilation

A

Mydriasis; the “D” in myDriasis is for “dilate”, right?

42
Q

The ____________________ and ___________________ layers are the two layers comprising the sensory tunic (retina) of the eye.

A

neural, pigmented

43
Q

The _________________________________ is a transparent membrane lining the anterior eye.

A

conjunctiva

44
Q

________________________ is a congenital weakness of one or more extrinsic eye muscles; typically the affected eye rotates medially or laterally, and its visual input is ignored by the brain

A

Strabismus

45
Q

________________________ is an eye disorder, more common in older adults, where the lens has become inflexible, thereby losing all or most of its ability to focus on nearby objects.

A

Presbyopia

46
Q

________________________ is a refractive eye disorder where the lens is too weak (or equivalently, the eyeball is too short).

A

Hyperopia

47
Q

________________________ refers to the loss of vision in about half of the visual field in one or both eyes.

A

Hemianopsia

48
Q

________________________ refers to complete blindness in one or both eyes.

A

Anopsia

49
Q

________________________ are paired openings at the medial canthus of each eye— visible as two small dots— through which accumulated tears drain into the lacrimal canals.

A

lacrimal punctae

50
Q

________________________ is a refractive eye disorder where the lens is too strong (or equivalently, the eyeball is too long (oblong)).

A

Myopia

51
Q

The ______________________________ muscle is a skeletal muscle involved in raising the upper eyelid.

A

levator palpabrae superioris

52
Q

The ______________________________ is a small slip of smooth muscle that is controlled by sympathetic neurons and that assists levator palpabrae superioris in lifting the upper eyelid; dysfunction of this muscle or its nerves may cause ptosis in the corresponding eyelid

A

superior tarsal muscle

53
Q

____________________________ is the common name for infectious conjunctivitis.

A

Pinkeye

54
Q

_____________________ is the process by which the focal length of the eye is changed in order to allow focus on close objects

A

Accommodation

55
Q

The ____________________________, found in many Asians, is a flap of skin that appears near the medial canthus and sometimes covers it.

A

Epicanthic fold

56
Q

The _________________________________ is the space created as the ocular conjunctiva reflects back (folds back) over the palpebral conjuctiva.

A

conjunctival sac

57
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT a valid distinction between cones and rods?
A. Cones have a relatively low sensitivity to light, while rods have a high sensitivity to light (meaning rods function well in low-light situations).
B. Each cone contains a pigment which has maximal sensitivity to either blue, green or red light, whereas the pigment in rods responds to all visible wavelengths.
C. Cones function in color vision whereas rods function in night vision (shades of gray)
D. Cones display high levels of convergence with other neurons along the visual pathways while rods show little or no convergence (so that each rod has a more or less direct pathway to the brain.)
E. In the human fovea, the density of cones is greatest while the density of rods is lowest.

A

D; this is reversed—cones show little convergence, while rods show lots of convergence; this is to be expected, since cones are concerned with sharpness of vision (acuity), while rods are concerned with sensitivity in low light situations

58
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the receptors in the retina of the eye?
A. The photoreceptor cells face away from the incoming light.
B. The rods are less sensitive to light intensity than are the cones.
C. Rods respond to light but are not involved in color perception.
D. In both rods and cones, light energy absorbed by photopigments (such as rhodopsin) cause a conformational change in a molecule called retinal; this conformational change sets in motion a series of events which ultimately affects the membrane potential of the photoreceptor.
E. In humans, cones are responsible for high acuity color vision.

A

B; the rods are more sensitive to light, which is why they are used for night vision

59
Q

The production and flow of tears can be summarized in several steps, as done in class. The steps (listed in NO particular order) are:

a. Tears enter the lacrimal canals through the lacrimal punctae
b. Tears are produced and released by the lacrimal glands
c. Tears empty into the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct
d. Tears flow across the conjunctiva of the eyes to the medial canthus
e. Tears flow into the lacrimal sac and then run inferiorly a short distance

What is the correct temporal order for these events?
A. a-b-c-d-e B. b-a-e-d-c C. e-c-d-a-b D. b-d-a-e-c E. c-e-d-a-b F. b-d-e-a-c

A

D. b-d-a-e-c:

b. Tears are produced and released by the lacrimal glands
d. Tears flow across the conjunctiva of the eyes to the medial canthus
a. Tears enter the lacrimal canals through the lacrimal punctae
e. Tears flow into the lacrimal sac and then run inferiorly a short distance
c. Tears empty into the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct

60
Q

In a person with normal visual pathways (i.e., without any of blockages “A,” “B,” or “C”) which ONE of the following IS TRUE with respect to the optic fibers at the optic chiasma?
A. All the fibers from the left optic nerve cross at the chiasma to become the right optic tract.
B. None of the fibers from the optic nerves cross at the chiasma, so that the right optic tract is composed entirely of fibers coming from the right optic nerve.
C. Only the medial fibers cross at the chiasma, so that the RIGHT optic tract is composed of medial fibers from the LEFT optic nerve and lateral fibers from the RIGHT optic nerve (and vice versa for the left optic tract).
D. Only the lateral fibers cross at the chiasma, so that the right optic tract is composed of lateral fibers from the left optic nerve and medial fibers from the right optic nerve (and vice versa for the left optic tract).

A

C. Only the medial fibers cross at the chiasma, so that the RIGHT optic tract is composed of medial fibers from
the LEFT optic nerve and lateral fibers from the RIGHT optic nerve (and vice versa for the left optic tract).

61
Q

In a person with normal visual pathways (i.e., without any of blockages “A,” “B,” or “C”) which ONE of the following IS TRUE of the representation of the visual field carried by the fibers of the right optic tract?
A. They carry mainly the visual information from the left eye.
B. They carry mainly the visual information from the right eye.
C. They carry mainly the visual information from the left side of the visual field.
D. They carry mainly the visual information from the right side of the visual field.

A

C. They carry mainly the visual information from the left side of the visual field.

62
Q

The part of the retina with the highest visual acuity

A

fovea centralis

63
Q

Contains smooth muscles which control the amount of light entering the eye

A

iris

64
Q

A clear part of the eye which contains no vascular tissue and which provides most of the refractive power for focusing

A

cornea

65
Q

The blind spot of the eye, where nerves and blood vessels pass from the interior to the exterior of the eye

A

optic disc

66
Q

Highly vasculated layer which provides nutrition to the other layers around it

A

choroid

67
Q

A clear, flexible eye part on the optic path which is critical for accommodation.

A

lens

68
Q

Smooth muscles which control lens shape

A

ciliary muscles

69
Q

Tough covering for eye; continuous with dura mater around brain

A

sclera

70
Q

The sensory tunic containing both the neural and the pigmented layers of the eye

A

retina

71
Q

Contains the ciliary muscles and the ciliary processes; the latter are responsible for secreting aqueous humor

A

ciliary body

72
Q

The region of the eye which drains aqueous humor from the anterior segment

A

canal of Schlemm

73
Q

Another name for the vascular tunic, including the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

A

uvea

A+P II (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions