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A+P II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The main function of the gall bladder is to store and concentrate bile.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F In humans, vitamin B12 is largely absorbed in the duodenum.

A

False; the duodenum is iron country; B12 is largely absorbed in the ileum

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3
Q

T/F In humans, starch digestion occurs completely in the mouth; it is initiated and completed by salivary amylase

A

False; in fact, most starch digestion occurs in the duodenum under the effects of pancreatic amylase; I
mentioned that the reason we have salivary amylase is for oral hygiene—digest those gooey starches
clinging to our teeth before bacteria start to grow

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4
Q

T/F Bile salts are largely responsible for emulsification of fats in the GI tract

A

True

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5
Q

T/F The primary type of motility in the esophagus is peristalsis

A

True

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6
Q

T/F The esophageal wall is composed entirely of a mucosa; the other three GI tract tunics are absent

A

False; all four tunics are present; How could the esophagus effect peristalsis without a muscularis?

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7
Q

T/F The liver converts conjugated bilirubin from the spleen into unconjugated bilirubin, which it dumps into the bile

A

False; this is backwards- the liver converts unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin

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8
Q

T/F Sugars can only be absorbed as simple sugars; even disaccharides cannot be absorbed

A

True; this is the basis for lactose intolerance

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9
Q

T/F The upper third of the esophagus is skeletal muscle, the lower third is smooth muscle, and the middle third is a mixture of the two.

A

True; this will have bearing when we discuss dysphagia in Pathology class

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10
Q

T/F The greater curvature of the stomach is located on the right side of the stomach.

A

False; it’s backward- the greater curvature is on the left

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11
Q

T/F Like pepsin in the stomach, pancreatic proteases are released as inactive precursors which are activated in the GI tract.

A

True; if cells made active proteases, they would self-digest

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12
Q

The mucosa of the [ esophagus/ stomach / small intestine/ large intestine ] contains numerous projections called villi, which function in the absorption of digestion products.

A

small intestine, esp. the duodenum

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13
Q

The muscularis of the [ esophagus/ stomach / small intestine/ large intestine ] is very well developed and contains an oblique layer of smooth muscle in addition to the typical circular and longitudinal layers.

A

stomach

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14
Q

A [ stratified squamous/ simple squamous / stratified columnar/ simple columnar ] epithelium lines the esophagus.

A

stratified squamous

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15
Q

The mucosal epithelium of the [ esophagus/ stomach / small intestine/ large intestine ] is stratified, since it is not concerned with secretion of digestive juices (other than mucus) and it experiences considerable friction during normal use.

A

esophagus

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16
Q

An example of a [short / long/enteric/ gastrohormonal ] reflex occurs when just the thought of chocolate ice cream makes one’s stomach growl and churn.

A

long

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17
Q

The [endocrine / /exocrine/ proximal/ retroperitoneal ] pancreas is responsible for secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum

A

exocrine

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18
Q

The liver______________________________ form the structural and functional unit of the liver

A

lobules

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19
Q

The ____________________________________________ refers to the process by which bile salts are re-circulated in the body, moving from intestine to bloodstream to liver, and then back to intestine

A

enterohepatic circulation

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20
Q

____________________________ as well as branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein are the three members of a portal triad.

A

Bile ducts

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21
Q

_____________________________ are finger-like projections into the small intestine lumen which greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal lining; these projections, each about 1 mm long, contain capillaries and lymphatic vessels.

A

Villi

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22
Q

The _________________________ is the local nervous system of the GI tract.

A

enteric brain

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23
Q

The ____________________________ valve controls the entry of material from the small intestine to the large intestine.

A

ileocecal

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24
Q

____________________________ are specialized initial lymphatics found in the intestinal villi which function to pick up and transport hydrophobic digestion products; their name reflects their contents, which is generally a milky-white liquid

A

Lacteals

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25
Q

The _______________________ gland is a large salivary gland just anterior to the ears.

A

parotid

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26
Q

The _______________________ gland is a large salivary gland just anteromedial to the mandibular angle.

A

submandibular

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27
Q

The _______________________ is the portion of the pharynx immediately posterior to the oral cavity.

A

oropharynx

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28
Q

The _______________________ is the portion of the pharynx immediately posterior to the nasal cavity.

A

nasopharynx

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29
Q

_______________________ refers to the puckered, pocketlike sacs of the large intestine caused by contraction of the tenia coli.

A

Haustra

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30
Q

_______________________ cells are single cell glands found in the mucosa throughout the GI tract (and elsewhere) that secrete mucus

A

Goblet

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31
Q

_______________________ are folds of peritoneum that envelop and suspend many of the abdominal organs

A

Mesenteries

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32
Q

_______________________ refers to an organ located behind the peritoneum; thus only a part of the organ surface is in contact with the peritoneum

A

Retroperitoneal

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33
Q

_______________________ refers to a milky-white fluid formed by the stomach as it kneads and digests foodstuff

A

Chyme

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34
Q

The_______________________ sphincter guards the entry of foodstuff from the esophagus into the stomach

A

Lower esophageal

cardiac

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35
Q

The_______________________ is the distal portion of the stomach that tapers to the opening to the duodenum

A

antrum

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36
Q

A_______________________ lies at the vertices of each liver lobule and consists of a bile duct and branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

A

portal triad

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37
Q

When_______________________ is broken down by intestinal bacteria, compounds are created that ultimately color the urine and feces

A

bilirubin

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38
Q

_____________________ are enzymes that digest fats into simpler molecules

A

Lipases

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39
Q

_____________________ are enzymes that digest proteins into simpler molecules

A

Proteases

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40
Q

The _____________________ are microscopic projections on the lumenal side of intestinal (esp. duodenal) epithelial cells; their plasma membranes contain various digestive enzymes

A

microvilli/brush border

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41
Q

The ______________________________________ is the ring of smooth muscle which controls the release of bile and/or pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

A

sphincter of Oddi

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42
Q

_______________________ is a condition whereby bile pigments accumulate in the skin, which thus assumes a distinctly yellowish cast; common causes include liver disease and disruptions in the enterohepatic circulation.

A

jaundice

43
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about saliva/salivation?
A. Saliva is rich in digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases, nucleases
B. Parasympathetic influence produces a watery, enzyme-rich saliva
C. Saliva contains antibacterials such as lysozyme and IgA
D. Sympathetic influence produces a viscous saliva, and in scanty amounts
E. Saliva contains salt (NaCl)
F. Saliva contains protein

A

A. Saliva does not contain proteases, lipases, or nucleases, only amylase

44
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the large intestine?
A. A primary function is the storage and concentration of fecal material.
B. It plays a large role in the absorption of amino acids and simple sugars.
C. Another function of the large intestine is the absorption of sodium ions.
D. It is responsible for the re-absorption via osmosis of a large volume of water.
E. Its secretions lack digestive enzymes and consist mostly of mucus.

A

B. Amino acids and simple sugars are mainly absorbed in the small intestine

45
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about intestinal crypts?
A. Intestinal crypts are pits in the intestinal mucosa between villi
B. Intestinal crypts produce large amounts of hydrochloric acid
C. Intestinal crypts produce about 2 liters of intestinal juice per day
D. The intestinal juice produced by intestinal crypts is mostly water and mucus, with few enzymes
E. Stem cells in the intestinal crypts are dividing rapidly, replacing epithelial cells which have been sloughed off into the intestine

A

B. There’s no hydrochloric acid from intestinal glands; in fact, very few enzymes, either

46
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about pepsinogen/pepsin?
A. Pepsinogen is released by chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach
B. Pepsinogen is the inactive form of the protease, pepsin
C. Pepsin is most active as an enzyme at a pH of about 8.0
D. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by acid and active pepsin itself
E. Pepsin is an enzyme which breaks down proteins to smaller substances

A

C. pH optimum is about 2.0, perfect for functioning in the stomach

47
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT true of hepatocytes?
A. Hepatocytes synthesize bile salts
B. Hepatocytes are arranged in rows along either side of the hepatic sinusoids
C. Hepatocytes secrete bile on one side of the cell and plasma proteins on the other
D. Hepatocytes release antibodies into the blood
E. Hepatocytes function to cleanse and modify the blood

A

D. Plasma cells (B cells) secrete antibodies, not liver cells

48
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the liver?
A. Bile canaliculi drain freshly secreted bile from the hepatocytes into a collecting bile duct
B. Arterial blood and portal blood mix in the sinusoids
C. The hepatic portal vein provides the liver with fresh aortic blood for nutrients and oxygen
D. Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) in the sinusoids remove particulate debris from the blood
E. The cleaned blood drains from the sinusoid and collects in the central vein
F. (None— all of the above are true about the liver)

A

C. The hepatic artery provides aortic blood to the liver!

49
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about bile?
A. Bile contains bicarbonate buffers to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum
B. Bile salts emulsify fats
C. Bile salts are produced by the liver
D. Bile contains digestive enzymes such as lipases to aid in duodenal digestion
E. Bile pigments, initially produced by the spleen, are a waste product in the bile
F. Bile contains NaCl to help it stay liquid and watery
G. Bile contains cholesterol and phospholipids (lecithin) to help in fat emulsification
H. (None— all of the above are true about the liver)

A

D. There are no digestive enzymes in bile

50
Q

Which ONE of the following best describes the alimentary canal? The alimentary canal…
A. ..consists of the liver, pancreas, gall bladder, mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, and anus
B. …is 100% synonymus with the digestive system
C. …consists of the tube through which foodstuffs pass; does not include the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas
D. …consists of the stomach and intestines, where foodstuffs are actually digested
E. …(none of the above describes the alimentary canal)

A

C) …consists of the tube through which foodstuffs pass; does not include the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas

51
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the breakdown of complex substances to their simpler building blocks, as occurs during digestion?
A. Proteins are broken down to amino acids (or very short strings of amino acids)
B. DNA and RNA are broken down to nucleotides (like ATP, GTP, CTP, and GTP)
C. Complex carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugars like glucose
D. Fats are broken down to simple sugars like glucose
E.(None. All of the above are true regarding the breakdown of substances in the GI tract)

A

D. Fats are broken down to fatty acids and a few other molecules, like glycerin

52
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding GI tract motility?
A. Peristalsis is the only type of motility typically seen in the esophagus
B. Gastric motility consists of strong peristaltic waves that move stomach contents forwards and backwards;
only a few mL of chyme squirt into the duodenum with each wave
C. Segmentation slowly mixes small intestinal contents and slowly moves them along toward the large bowel D. The migrating motility complex for a series of peristaltic waves the empty the small bowel in ~ 2 hours
E. Haustral contractions, the most common large bowel movement, pushes contents ahead to the next haustrum F. Mass movements sweep the large bowel contents forward to the rectum in a matter of minutes
G.(None. All of the above are true regarding GI tract motility)

A

G) None. All of the above are true regarding GI tract motility

53
Q

Which ONE of the following lists the tunics (layers) of the GI tract in correct order from innermost (i.e., next to the lumen) to outermost?
A. (innermost) Mucosa – Muscularis externa – Submucosa – Serosa (outermost)
B. (innermost) Mucosa – Submucosa – Muscularis externa – Serosa (outermost)
C. (innermost) Mucosa – Submucosa – Serosa – Muscularis externa (outermost)
D. (innermost) Serosa – Muscularis externa – Submucosa – Mucosa (outermost)
E. (innermost) Serosa – Submucosa – Muscularis externa – Mucosa (outermost)
F. (innermost) Serosa – Mucosa – Submucosa – Muscularis externa (outermost)
G. (None of the above list the GI tract tunics in their correct order)

A

B) (innermost) Mucosa – Submucosa – Muscularis externa – Serosa (outermost)

54
Q

Deep invaginations within the gastric wall which collectively produce gastric juice

A

G) gastric glands

55
Q

A substance found in gastric juice which is required for vitamin B12 absorption.

A

L) intrinsic factor

56
Q

The superiormost portion of the stomach located above (superior to) the cardiac sphincter

A

B) fundus

57
Q

The creamy paste into which foodstuffs are converted by the GI tract

A

chyme

58
Q

The main, midportion of the stomach

A

C) body

59
Q

A muscular thickening found at the gastroesophageal junction which controls the passage of swallowed materials from the esophagus to the stomach

A

A) lower esophageal sphincter

60
Q

A muscular thickening found at the gastroduodenal junction which controls the passage of gastric contents to the duodenum

A

E) pylorus; pyloric sphincter

61
Q

The distal (inferior) portion of the stomach, endowed with a thick wall

A

D) pyloric antrum

62
Q

An active enzyme found in gastric juice which digests proteins to simpler substances

A

K) pepsin

63
Q

An inactive enzyme precursor found in gastric juice; this inactive substance can be activated by hydrochloric acid

A

J) pepsinogen

64
Q

The gastric gland cell type which secretes pepsinogen

A

I) chief cells

65
Q

The gastric gland cell type which secretes HCl

A

H) parietal cells

66
Q

The gastric gland cell type which secretes intrinsic factor

A

H) parietal cells

67
Q

The failure of this muscular ring often results in backflow of gastric juice into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux), causing heartburn

A

A) lower esophageal sphincter

68
Q

A worm-like appendage of the large intestine, this structure plays no role in digestion, though it does have some lymphoid tissue and thus probably has immune value

A

E) vermiform appendix

69
Q

The terminal (distal) portion of the colon, where feces are stored prior to defecation

A

L) rectum

70
Q

An “S”-shaped portion of the colon near its terminus (distal end)

A

K) sigmoid colon

71
Q

The near-right angle turn of the colon in the right subcostal area

A

G) hepatic flexure

72
Q

The initial (proximal) portion of the small intestine, about 25 cm long

A

A) duodenum

73
Q

The middle portion of the small intestine, several meters long

A

C) jejunum

74
Q

The terminal (distal) portion of the small intestine, several meters long

A

B) ileum

75
Q

The portion of the intestinal tract where vitamin B12 is absorbed

A

B) ileum

76
Q

The initial part of the large intestine, this pouch receives digestive contents from the small intestine

A

D) cecum

77
Q

The portion of the left colon extending inferiorly from the splenic flexure

A

J) descending colon

78
Q

The portion of the right colon extending superiorly to the hepatic flexure

A

F) ascending colon

79
Q

The blood vessel— a branch of the aorta—which brings highly oxygenated blood into the liver for nourishment

A

F) hepatic artery

80
Q

The blood vessel draining the entire liver into the inferior vena cava

A

I) hepatic vein

81
Q

The blood vessel bringing blood from the abdominal digestive system into the liver

A

H) hepatic portal vein

82
Q

The collecting vessel of a liver lobule, into which liver sinusoids drain; essentially these are the initial and smallest branches of the hepatic vein

A

B) central vein

83
Q

Liver cells; the cells which form the parenchyma of liver, producing bile while they cleanse and modify the blood

A

J) hepatocytes

84
Q

The small bile duct into which liver cells release newly-synthesized bile

A

A) bile canaliculus

85
Q

The duct draining bile directly from the liver only

A

G) common hepatic duct

86
Q

The duct draining bile from both the liver and the gallbladder

A

C) common bile duct

87
Q

The duct draining bile from the gallbladder only, or carrying bile from the liver to the gallbladder

A

D) cystic duct

88
Q

A muscular sac for the storage and concentration of bile

A

E) gallbladder

89
Q

Hepatic macrophages which help cleanse blood as it flows past in the liver sinusoids

A

K) Kupffer cell

90
Q

Refers to the 3 vessels found at each of the lobular vertices, namely, branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct

A

N) portal triad

91
Q

Tortuous capillaries of the liver lobule bringing aortic and portal blood to the liver cells for cleansing and modification

A

O) sinusoids

92
Q

The structural and functional unit of the liver

A

L) liver lobule

93
Q

Duodenal hormone that stimulates the stomach

A

C) intestinal gastrin

94
Q

Stomach hormone that stimulates the stomach

A

A) gastrin

95
Q

Hormone(s) that inhibit the stomach

A

B) cholecystokinin
D) secretin
E) vasoactive inhibitory peptide

96
Q

Hormone(s) promoting gallbladder contraction, causing bile to enter the duodenum

A

B) cholecystokinin

97
Q

Hormone(s) elicited by acid in the duodenum and causing the pancreatic ductal cells to secrete a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

A

D) secretin

98
Q

Hormone(s) elicited by fat or protein in the duodenum and causing the pancreatic acinar cells to secrete an enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

A

B) cholecystokinin

99
Q

The innermost layer containing an epithelium (usually with glands) and underlying connective tissue

A

A) Mucosa

100
Q

Contains smooth muscle which throws the overlying tissue (i.e., the tissue lining the lumen) into folds to increase lumenal surface area.

A

A) Mucosa

101
Q

Contains a nerve plexus (Meissner’s) which regulates the glands and muscles mentioned above in i) and ii).

A

B) submucosa

102
Q

The outermost layer of the GI tract which may either be part of the mesenteric system or simply fibrous connective tissue to anchor the GI organ to surrounding tissue.

A

G) serosa/adventitia

103
Q

Contains the smooth muscle layers largely responsible for GI motility (peristalsis and segmentation).

A

F) muscular externa

A+P II (13 decks)

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