Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The growth promoting effects of growth hormone are mostly mediated by somatomedins.

A

True; somatomedins are responsible for most of the growth promoting effects of growth hormone

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2
Q

T/F DHEA is the most important of the mineralcorticoids.

A

False; DHEA is a gonadocorticoid; most important mineralcorticoid is aldosterone

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3
Q

T/F Some hormones can be secreted by more than one gland in the endocrine system.

A

True; sex hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex and the gonads (and the placenta)

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4
Q

T/F Neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary are not synthesized in the posterior pituitary.

A

True; they are synthesized by neurons whose cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus

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5
Q

T/F Neurohormones released by the anterior pituitary are not synthesized in the anterior pituitary.

A

False; ant. pituitary hormones are synthesized by ant. pituicytes (ant. pituitary cells) —under the
regulation of hypothalamic releasing hormones

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6
Q

T/F Long bones in which the epiphyseal plate has closed are no longer responsive to the lengthening effects of growth hormone (or somatomedin).

A

True; this is what stops growth in height at the end of puberty

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7
Q

T/F The majority of hormones in the body are proteins or peptides.

A

True

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8
Q

T/F All steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives.

A

True, by definition

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9
Q

T/F In primary hyposecretion of a given hormone, the deficit (or problem) lies within the actual endocrine gland that normally secretes that hormone; an example would be immune destruction of normally secreting glandular tissue.

A

True

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10
Q

T/F Some amine hormones are cholesterol derivatives.

A

False and nonsensical

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11
Q

T/F In secondary hypersecretion of a given hormone, the deficit (or problem) lies outside the endocrine gland that normally secretes that hormone, such as in a distant tumor that itself hypersecretes a regulatory (or tropic) hormone.

A

True

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12
Q

T/F FSH and LH are sex hormones.

A

False; they control the gonads and release of sex hormones, but they themselves are not sex hormones—they are present in significant quantities in both sexes and are peptide hormones, not cholesterol derivatives

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13
Q

The [anterior/ posterior] pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.

A

anterior

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14
Q

The [anterior/ posterior] pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis.

A

posterior

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15
Q

The [anterior/ posterior] pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalamus.

A

posterior

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16
Q

The [anterior/ posterior] pituitary is derived from epithelial cells in the mouth region which migrate upward in the head.

A

anterior

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17
Q

Aldosterone is the most important of the [mineralcorticoids/ glucocorticoids/ gonadocorticoids].

A

mineralcorticoids

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18
Q

[Mineralcorticoids/ Glucocorticoids/ Gonadocorticoids / Corticosteroids] are the primary steroid
hormones made and released by adrenal cortex.

A

Corticosteroids; corticosteroids include the other three listed hormone types- mineralcorticoids,
glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids

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19
Q

The connection between the hypothalamus and the [anterior/ posterior] pituitary gland is mainly a vascular one.

A

anterior

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20
Q

The connection between the hypothalamus and the [anterior/ posterior] pituitary gland is mainly a neural one.

A

posterior

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21
Q

[ Iodine / Calcium/ Vitamin D/ Iron / Sulfur ] is a chemical element found in the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

A

Iodine

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22
Q

The ___________________________________ is the stalk of the pituitary gland.

A

infundibulum

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23
Q

The _______________________________ glands, usually 4 in number, are small glands usually situated on the posterior aspect of the thyroid glands.

A

parathyroid

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24
Q

_________________________________ is a control loop whereby the product or output of a system acts back on the system to repress or stop its own production.

A

Negative feedback/

also called Feedback inhibition

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25
______________________________ are chemical messengers— excluding neurotransmitters— which are released into the intercellular fluid and which exert their influence on nearby cells.
Paracrine agents
26
______________________________ are chemical messengers used by neurons to communicate with each other or with effector cells.
Neurotransmitters
27
______________________________ are chemical messengers released by neurons which then travel in the blood to their distant target cells.
Neurohormones
28
______________________________ are chemical messengers synthesized by endocrine cells in response to certain stimuli and secreted into the blood, which carries them to distant target cells.
Hormones
29
The _________________________, a region of the brain, largely controls the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus
30
A(n) _________________________ hormone regulates the hormonal functioning of a distant endocrine gland.
tropic
31
The adrenal ______________________ is the outermost part of the adrenal gland which releases the adrenal steroid hormones.
cortex
32
The adrenal ______________________ is the innermost part of the adrenal gland which releases the sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.
medulla
33
The ____________________________ cells of the thyroid gland are responsible for the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
follicular
34
The ___________________________________ comprise the endocrine portion of the pancreas, which is responsible for releasing glucagon and insulin.
islets of Langerhans
35
The ________________________ cells and their ducts comprise the exocrine portion of the pancreas, which releases digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract.
acinar
36
``` Which ONE of the following is NOT an amine hormone? A. 3, 5 ,3’,5’-tetraiodothyronine (T4) B. Epinephrine (adrenaline) C. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) D. Dopamine E. Cortisol F. (ALL of the above are amine hormones) ```
E. cortisol; cortisol is a steroid hormone
37
Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding ADH? A. ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus B. ADH is released by the anterior pituitary C. Alcohol consumption inhibits ADH secretion D. Vasopressin is an alternative name for ADH E. ADH, esp. in higher concentrations, is a potent vasoconstrictor F. (None; ALL of the above are true regarding ADH)
B. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary
38
``` Steroid hormones are produced by A. ovaries and testes B. adrenal cortex C. adrenal medulla D. anterior pituitary E. (three of the above) F. (only A and B) ```
F. only A & B. The adrenal medulla produces amine hormones ((nor-) adrenaline) while the ant. pituitary produces peptide hormones
39
Hormone(s) which increases the plasma levels of calcium
D) parathyroid hormone
40
Hormone(s) which set the basal metabolic rate of the body
B) tri-iodothyronine (T3) & T4
41
Hormone(s) which stimulates cells to take up fuels from the blood (i.e. to internalize glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids)
E) insulin
42
Hormone(s) which stimulates milk production by the breasts
K) prolactin
43
Hormone(s) which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
M) ACTH
44
Hormone(s) involved in prolonging and reinforcing the sympathetic response
A) epinephrine
45
Hormone which helps the body prepare to cope with stress; at therapeutic levels, depresses the immune system
I) Cortisol
46
Hormone(s) which promotes the absorption of calcium by the intestine; this hormone may be obtained in the diet or synthesized from cholesterol when sunlight falls on exposed skin
N) Calcitriol (active Vit. D)
47
Hormone(s) which stimulates contraction of smooth muscle; may also be involved in invoking the "good feelings" surrounding such activities as cuddling
G) Oxytocin
48
Hormone(s) which causes the body to conserve sodium at the expense of potassium
H) Aldosertone
49
Hormone(s) which stimulate growth in the long bones of the body
L) Somatomedins
50
A weak androgenic sex hormone
J) DHEA
51
Hormone(s) which causes insertion of water channels into kidney tubular epithelial cells, thus promoting water reabsorption from the forming urine (i.e., water conservation by the kidneys)
O) Anti-Diuretic Hormone
52
Throid hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
C) Calcitonin
53
Pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose levels
F) Glucagon
54
which organ/structure releases Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)?
D) hypothalamus
55
which organ/structure releases T3 (thyroxine) and T4?
O) thyroid gland
56
which organ/structure releases anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
D&L - hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
57
which organ/structure releases mineralcorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)?
A) adrenal cortex
58
which organ/structure releases glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)?
A) adrenal cortex
59
which organ/structure releases growth hormone releasing hormone?
D) hypothalamus
60
which organ/structure releases growth hormone?
K) Pituitary, anterior
61
which organ/structure releases oxytocin?
D&L) Hypothalamus & Pituitary, posterior
62
which organ/structure releases epinephrine and norepinephrine?
B) Adrenal medulla
63
which organ/structure releases prolactin?
K) Pituitary, anterior
64
which organ/structure releases sex hormones?
C) Adrenal cortex + Gonads
65
which organ/structure releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
K) Pituitary, anterior
66
which organ/structure releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
K) Pituitary, anterior
67
which organ/structure releases luteinizing hormone (LH)?
K) Pituitary, anterior
68
which organ/structure releases glucagon and insulin?
H) Pancreas
69
which organ/structure releases calcitonin?
O) Thyroid gland
70
which organ/structure releases parathyroid hormone?
I) Parathyroid glands