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A+P II > Intro to Nervous System > Flashcards

Intro to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The autonomic nervous system as well as the somatic nervous system are both motor nervous systems.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: The afferent nervous system is synonymous with the sensory nervous system; this system conducts nerve signal toward or into the CNS.

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: The efferent nervous system conducts nerve signals toward or into the CNS.

A

False: efferent neurons conduct signals away from the CNS

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4
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems typically are antagonistic systems, each one undoing what the other does.

A

True; some exceptions such as sexual response

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5
Q

The _____ nervous system is responsible for what is colloquially termed the “rest-and-digest” response.

A

parasympathetic

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6
Q

The ____ nervous system is responsible for what is colloquially termed the “fight-or-flight” response.

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

The ___ nervous system is that portion of the peripheral nervous system that is composed of nerve fibers which innervate skeletal muscle.

A

somatic

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8
Q

____ neurons are neurons which conduct signals toward the CNS from receptors located throughout the body.

A

Afferent or Sensory

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9
Q

___ neurons are neurons which conduct signals from the CNS to effectors located throughout the body.

A

Efferent or Motor

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10
Q

T/F: There are no nerves in the central nervous system.

A

True - nerves are clusters of neuronal axons in the PNS. They can’t be found in the CNS.

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11
Q

T/F: Nerves are only found in the peripheral nervous system.

A

True: bundles of axons in the CNS are known as tracts.

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12
Q

____ are bundles of neuron cells processes (axons) in the CNS.

A

Tracts

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13
Q

____ are bundles of neuron cells processes (axons) in the PNS.

A

Nerves

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14
Q

____ are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS.

A

Nuclei

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15
Q

____ are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS.

A

Ganglia

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16
Q

____ transport, which moves cellular material from bouton to neuronal cell body, is the vehicle used by some viruses and neurotoxins to quickly and directly reach the CNS.

A

Retrograde

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17
Q

____ refer to the many bulbous swellings that terminate the neuronal axon; these structures interact with downstream effector cells, such as muscle or gland cells, or other neurons.

A

Boutons, synaptic knobs, or synaptic terminals

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18
Q

T/F: The spinal cord is the largest nerve in the human body and is part of the peripheral nervous system

A

False: the spinal cord is not a nerve (nerves lie in PNS)

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19
Q

___ neurons are by far the most abundant type of neurons in the human body.

A

Association (or interneurons)

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20
Q

T/F: All incoming sensory information leads to a conscious awareness of the stimulus.

A

False: ex. proprioception does not make it to conscious awareness

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21
Q

____ are the receptors which respond to pain; synonym for “pain receptors”.

A

Nociceptors

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22
Q

____ are the receptors which respond to pressure and pressure changes.

A

Baroreceptors

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23
Q

___ is the neurotransmitter used by most nociceptors in communicating with CNS neurons.

A

Substance P

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24
Q

____ are the receptors which respond to the presence of specific chemicals, such as oxygen in the blood or those molecules detected in smell.

A

Chemoreceptors

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25
Q

____ are the receptors which respond to overall solute concentrations; they detect, for example, the overall solute concentration of the blood and are involved in our feelings of thirst.

A

Osmoreceptors

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26
Q

___ are the receptors largely responsible for the sense of smell.

A

Chemoreceptors (also involved in sense of taste)

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27
Q

___ are the environmental cues that cause sensory receptors to respond; heat, cold, pressure, light, sound, and tissue destruction are examples.

A

Stimuli

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28
Q

Aspirin inhibits ____ production, a fact that explains some of aspirin’s analgesic effects since fewer ____ would equate with less hyperalgesia.

A

prostaglandin; prostaglandins,

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29
Q

T/F: Nociceptors can be sensitized by the presence of prostaglandins.

A

True

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30
Q

____ refers to the body’s non-conscious awareness of its musculoskeletal system, e.g., muscle length and contraction, as well as the stretching and compression in every joint capsule; this information does not synapse in the thalamus and does not break through to conscious awareness.

A

Proprioception

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31
Q

____ is a collective term for all of the general senses, including touch, heat, cold, pain, pressure, vibration, etc; many (but certainly not all) of the associated receptors are found in the skin.

A

Somatosensation

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32
Q

___ refers to increased sensitivity to pain; stimuli that were once perceived as non-painful now seem painful.

A

Hyperalgesia

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33
Q

T/F: A myelin sheath is essentially a solid tube of greasy fats secreted around axons by Schwann cells and astrocytes.

A

False: myelin sheaths are made by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Myelin sheaths consist of coils of oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell membrane.

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34
Q

T/F: Myelin sheaths electrically couple adjacent axons together, so that a nerve signal propagating down one axon can “jump” to its neighbors and propagate down them as well.

A

False - just the opposite. Myelin sheaths are electrical insulators -> inhibit signals from jumping to adjacent axons. They function like the plastic insulation around an electrical wire.

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35
Q

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers are referred to as ____.

A

white matter

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36
Q

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of unmyelinated fibers are referred to as ____.

A

gray matter

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37
Q

The ___ are gaps in the myelin sheaths around neurons, regions where adjacent Schwann cells do not touch each other.

A

nodes of Ranvier

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38
Q

T/F: The maintenance of a potential difference across a resting neuron membrane requires active transport of sodium and potassium.

A

True: it also requires a lot of ATP energy

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39
Q

___ refers to the voltage difference that usually exists across a cell membrane as a result of asymmetrical ion distributions; in biology, this difference is usually measured in millivolts (mV).

A

Membrane potential

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40
Q

__ refers to the voltage difference that usually exists across a neuronal cell membrane when that cell is not involved in nerve signaling; a typical value is on the order of -70 mV.

A

Resting potential

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41
Q

___ channels are normally closed but open in response to a signal.

A

Gated

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42
Q

___ channels are always open and therefore provide a means for small numbers of ion (molecules) to constantly cross cell membranes.

A

Leakage

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43
Q

A typical value for the resting membrane potential of a neuronal cell is about ___.

A
  • 70mV
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44
Q

T/F: Depolarization is a change in the membrane potential toward a more negative value.

A

False: depolarization is a change in membrane potential toward a more positive value

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45
Q

T/F: Graded potentials are always excitatory.

A

False: they can be either excitatory or inhibitory

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46
Q

A graded potential is characterized by ______.

A

the potential change (change in voltage) being related to the magnitude of the stimulus.

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47
Q

T/F: Both action potentials and graded potentials are conducted decremental, i.e. they fade in intensity with increasing distance from their initiation point.

A

False: this is true of graded potentials, but false of action potentials - they do not lose strength as they propagate down an axon

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48
Q

During the absolute refractory period, it is possible to generate a second action potential if the stimulus is sufficiently intense.

A

False: consider the absolute refractory period as having a threshold of infinity, so that no stimulus would be intense enough to start another action potential

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49
Q

The ___ is the region of a neuron at which action potentials are initiated.

A

trigger zone

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50
Q

What is the reason that refractory periods exist in neurons?

A

It takes time for the ion channels to open, close, and for resting potential to be re-established by pumping and mass action of ions.

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51
Q

T/F: Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons than in unmyelinated ones.

A

True: up to 150x faster

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52
Q

____ is the method by which action potentials propagate in myelinated axons.

A

Saltatory conduction

53
Q

T/F: One single neuron can simultaneously play the role of a pre-synaptic and a post-synaptic neuron.

A

True

54
Q

T/F: Chemical synapses may be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending, in part, on the neurotransmitter used.

A

True

55
Q

T/F: Synapses occur only between axon terminals and dendrites.

A

False: synapses can occur between axons and other axons, axons and cell bodies, dendrites and dendrites

56
Q

A _____ neuron conducts nerve signals, and hence information, toward or into a given synapse.

A

presynaptic

57
Q

A(n) ____ is the junction between two neurons across which communication occurs.

A

synapse

58
Q

The ____ is the fluid-filled space (a few tens of nanometers wide) which separates a pre-synaptic neuron from a post-synaptic neuron at a synapse.

A

synaptic cleft

59
Q

___ neurons are neurons which conduct signals away from a synapse.

A

Postsynaptic

60
Q

___ neurons are neurons which conduct signals toward a synapse.

A

Pre-synaptic

61
Q

___ is an adjective that means pertaining to the use, production, possession, or release, of histamine.

A

Histaminergic

62
Q

____ is an adjective that means pertaining to the use or production of epinephrine.

A

Adrenergic

63
Q

T/F: The trigger zone of a neuron summates excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, initiating an action potential if threshold is reached.

A

True

64
Q

T/F: A depolarized membrane is more likely to reach threshold than a hyper polarized one.

A

True

65
Q

An (EPSP or IPSP) would tend to depolarize a post-synaptic neuron.

A

EPSP

66
Q

____ is the process by which the trigger zone of a neuron adds together all the excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in a neuron on a moment-by-moment basis in order to decide whether or not to fire off an action potential.

A

Summation

67
Q

An IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) is inhibitory because ____.

A

it hyper polarizes the postsynaptic membrane

68
Q

The histamine ____ receptor is located in the gastric mucosa and is inhibited by such anti-histamine drugs as ranatidine and cimetidine.

A

H2 (H1 receptor is involved in allergies such as hayfever)

69
Q

T/F Supporting cells are a type of nerve tissue

A

True

70
Q

T/F Neurons and supporting cells are both excitable cells capable of generating nerve signals

A

True

71
Q

T/F Supporting cells, like neurons, are capable of generating nerve signals

A

False

72
Q

T/F Astrocytes may play a role in making nutritional exchanges between capillaries and neurons

A

True

73
Q

T/F Astrocytes help to control the chemical environment around neurons

A

True

74
Q

T/F Astrocytes often form myelin sheaths around CNS axons

A

False

75
Q

______ are glial cells in the CNS that support neurons physically, chemically, and nutritionally, and may also help regulate the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid.

A

Astrocytes

76
Q

____ are glial cells that, via their cilia action, help circulate cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS.

A

Ependymal cells

77
Q

___ are glial cells with many projections radiating from the cell body, making the cells distinctly star-shaped in appearance.

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

___ are the phagocytes of the CNS; they function as macrophages within the CNS.

A

Microglial cells

79
Q

___ are the most abundant type of glial cells in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes

80
Q

___ are glial cells that form myelin sheaths in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

81
Q

___ are glial cells that function as epithelial cells in the CNS.

A

Ependymal cells

82
Q

____ are glial cells that form myelin sheaths in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

83
Q

___ are glial cells lining the cavities (ventricles of the brain, central canal of spinal cord) of the CNS

A

Ependymal cells

84
Q

Dendrites neither initiate nor propagate _____

A

action potentials

85
Q

Dendrites only conduct short-distance signals called ____

A

graded potentials

86
Q

T/F Like axons, dendrites may be myelinated

A

False

87
Q

Dendrites conduct electrical signals toward ____

A

the neuron cell body

88
Q

T/F Axons are always myelinated

A

False

89
Q

___ are receptors which respond to overall solute concentration

A

Osmoreceptors

90
Q

___ are receptors which respond to pressure or pressure changes

A

Baroreceptors

91
Q

___ are receptors which respond to individual chemicals or a small group of similar chemicals in solution

A

Chemoreceptors

92
Q

___ are receptors which respond to temperature or temp changes

A

Thermoreceptors

93
Q

___ are receptors which advise the brain on the positions and movements of our muscles and joints; this information is not bound for conscious awareness

A

Proprioceptors

94
Q

___ are receptors which respond to physical deformation by mechanical forces

A

Mechanoreceptors

95
Q

___ are receptors which respond to light energy

A

Photoreceptors

96
Q

___ are receptors which respond to potentially damaging stimuli; pain receptors

A

Nociceptors

97
Q

Depending on conditions, a given ion may move ___ its chemical gradient but ____ its electrical gradient, or vice versa.

A

along; against

98
Q

The prices driving an ion across the neuron cell membrane consist of both a ___ and ___

A

chemical gradient; electrical gradient

99
Q

The sodium EChGr is directed from ____ to ___

A

outside the cell to inside the cell

100
Q

When sodium channels open and sodium crosses the neuron cell membrane, the sodium ions are moving ____ the electrical gradient.

A

along or with

101
Q

T/F The potassium electrochemical gradient is directed from the outside into the cell.

A

False

102
Q

____ are channel transporters which open or close in response to changes in the membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

103
Q

___ are a class of channel transporters which do not require ATP but rather use diffusion as the driving force to move ions or molecules across a membrane

A

Passive channels

104
Q

___ are channel transporters which are always open

A

Leakage channels

105
Q

___ are active transporters: ATP-requiring transporters which are able to concentrate molecules/ions across a membrane (against the electrochemical gradient)

A

ATP-ases (pumps)

106
Q

___ are channel transporters which open or close in response to the binding and unbinding of some type of chemical signal such as a neurotransmitter

A

Ligand-gated channels

107
Q

____ are channel transporters which open or close in response to physical deformation

A

Mechanically-gated channels

108
Q

Action potentials: IPSPs and EPSPs are summated, causing the moment-to-moment membrane potential to fluctuate within a range of sub-threshold values. The membrane potential ____ from sub-threshold to threshold. The _____-gated Na+ channels open and eventually close, resulting in local ____ of the membrane. The voltage-gated ___ channels open and eventually close, resulting in local hyperpolarization of the membrane. The local membrane returns to its resting state as __ and ___ return to their normal resting concentrations.

A

depolarizes; voltaged-gated; depolarization; K+; Na+ and K+

109
Q

Describe difference b/t graded potentials and action potentials re: intensity, distance, & propagation

A

Graded: intensity related to strength of stimulus; useful for short-distance communication; fade with distance from point of stimulus; do not self-propagate
Action: all are same in strength; long distance communication; do not fade w distance; self-propagate

110
Q

T/F Graded potentials are mediated by ion channels other than voltage-gated, while action potentials always involve voltage-gated channels

A

True

111
Q

___, ___, and ___, are biogenic amine neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

112
Q

Name categories of recognized neurotransmitters.

A

Acetylocholine, Amino acids, peptides, biogenic amines, novel messengers such as NO, CO, and ATP

113
Q

T/F Fatty acids are a category of neurotransmitters.

A

False

114
Q

Transmission of nerve signal across a synapse:
1. The action potential reaches the axon terminal. ___-gated Calcium channels in the _____ axonal terminal open, allowing calcium to flood into the synaptic knob. Increased calcium levels in the synaptic knob induce calcium-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing ___ ____, causing neurotransmitter to _____. Neurotransmitter binds to the receptors in the __-__ ____. Ion channels in the __ - ___ membrane open, allowing ions of a specific type to enter or leave the post-synaptic neuron, resulting in a post-synaptic _____. Neurotransmitter de-binds from the receptor on the _____ membrane. Neurotransmitter is cleared from the ______, and the effects of the recently-graded post-synaptic potential diminish.

A 
Voltage-gated
pre-synaptic
 synaptic vesicles
flood the synaptic cleft
post-synaptic membrane
post-synaptic 
graded potential
post-synaptic
synaptic cleft
115
Q

Name 3 Catecholamines.

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

116
Q

____ is a neurotransmitter produced from the amino acid tryptophan.

A

Serotonin

117
Q

Serotonin is degraded by ____

A

MAO

118
Q

Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine are degraded by ___ and ___

A

MAO and COMT

119
Q

Acetylocholine is degraded by ____

A

AChE

120
Q

T/F mACh receptors bind the fungal toxin muscarine, while nACh receptors bind the alkaloid nicotine.

A

True

121
Q

T/F mACh receptors function via slower-acting second messenger systems, while each receptors are faster-acting sodium channels

A

True

122
Q

T/F mACh receptors may be either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on the second messenger system used, while each receipts are always stimulatory.

A

True

123
Q

T/F mACh receptors are found in skeletal muscle, while nACh receptors occur in smooth and cardiac muscle.

A

False

124
Q

Alpha, Beta-1, Beta-2, and Beta-3 are examples of _____ receptors.

A

Adrenergic

125
Q

____ receptors are distributed in the heart; activation causes ____ heart rate and ___ force of contraction

A

Beta-1

126
Q

___ receptors are especially abundant in non-heart blood cells; activation causes excitation and thus ___.

A

Alpha; vasoconstriction

127
Q

___ receptors are distributed in adipose tissue; activation causes breakdown of ___ and releases ____ into the blood

A

Beta-3; fat; fatty acids

128
Q

___ are especially abundant in lungs and blood vessels of the heart; activation causes inhibition and thus _____ and bronchodilation.

A

Beta-2; vasodilation

A+P II (13 decks)

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