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A+P II > CVS - Vessels > Flashcards

CVS - Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The factors influencing bulk flow at the tissue capillary level are balanced, so that all the fluid ultrafiltered is reabsorbed by the capillary.

A

False; the factors are not balanced, and an extra 3 L/day of fluid filter out of the CVS and into tissues

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2
Q

T/F Excess ECF in the interstitial spaces is returned to the cardiovascular system by the lymphatic system.

A

True; one of the lymphatic system’s main functions

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3
Q

T/F All veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.

A

False; pulmonary vein carries oxygen rich blood

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4
Q

T/F The major function of veins is to act as high-pressure conduits for blood flow from the tissues back to the heart.

A

False; not “high-pressure”

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5
Q

T/F The average length of a capillary is about 1 cm.

A

False; average length of a capillary is about 1 mm, NOT 1 cm

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6
Q

T/F Veins possess all three tunics, although their walls are always thinner and lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries.

A

True

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7
Q

T/F The walls of the elastic arteries, the large arteries near the heart, contain substantial amounts of smooth muscle and are very active in vasoconstriction.

A

False; the elastic arteries function mainly as pressure reservoirs; although their walls do have some smooth muscle, they are not very vasoactive at all

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8
Q

T/F The walls of the large veins, those near the heart, contain substantial amounts of smooth muscle and are very active in vasoconstriction.

A

False; neither are the veins are not very vasoactive; instead they function main as baggy conduits to carry blood back to the heart

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9
Q

T/F Autonomic innervation to most blood vessels is primarily sympathetic; increases in sympathetic activity usually result in vasoconstriction, and decreases, vasodilation.

A

True; the exception of course is erectile tissue, where vasodilation is promoted by parasympathetic
nerves

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10
Q

T/F Short-term regulation of blood pressure is largely controlled by the vasomotor center, a cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla.

A

True

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11
Q

T/F Long-term regulation of blood pressure is provided by the kidneys through regulation of blood volume.

A

True; directly via increased glomerular filtration as a result of increased blood pressure, and indirectly by activation of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system

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12
Q

T/F Long-term regulation of blood pressure is provided by the vasomotor center in the medulla.

A

False; long term regulation of blood pressure is via the kidneys (via the renin-angiotension- aldosterone system)

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13
Q

T/F The vasomotor center is part of the cardiovascular center.

A

True; along with the cardiac center

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14
Q

[Diffusion/ Bulk flow/ Active transport] is the most important process involving fluid exchanges between the plasma and interstitial fluids.

A

Bulk flow

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15
Q

[Diffusion/ Bulk flow/ Active transport] is the most important process driving the exchange of solutes (nutrients, respiratory gases, etc.) across the capillary wall.

A

Diffusion

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16
Q

Pressures of [120-80/ 45 - 42/ 37 – 17/ 8 - 3] mm Hg are typical hydrostatic pressures for blood entering - leaving capillaries

A

37-17 mm Hg

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17
Q

The branch of the vascular tree with the greatest cross-sectional area is the [elastic arteries/ muscular arteries/ arterioles/ capillaries/ venules/ veins].

A

capillaries

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18
Q

The [anterior cerebral/ internal carotid/ external carotid/ vertebral /basilar] artery supplies about 80% of the blood to the brain.

A

internal carotid

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19
Q

In larger vessels, the ______________________________ is the middle layer of the vessel wall which contains varying amounts of elastin fibers and smooth muscle.

A

tunica media

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20
Q

Everyday about ______ liters of fluid are filtered from (i.e., leave) the tissue capillaries, but only about ______ liters of interstitial fluid are reabsorbed (by the capillaries), leaving an excess of ______ liters of interstitial fluid that must be returned to the CVS via the lymphatic system.

A

20, 17, 3

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21
Q

_____________________________ is the result of inadequate fluid return from interstitial areas back to the cardiovascular system

A

edema

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22
Q

The _____________________________ is formed by the confluence of the basilar (post. cerebral) and internal carotid arteries; it is a ring shaped arterial structure surrounding the hypophysis which serves to unite the arterial blood supplies of the right, left, posterior and anterior cerebrum.

A

circle of Willis

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23
Q

_________________________________ are receptors sensitive to changes in (blood) pressure.

A

baroreceptors

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24
Q

_____________________________ cells are the flattened, squamous epithelial cells that line the lumen of the entire cardiovascular system.

A

endothelial

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25
Q

_____________________________ are veins which have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves.

A

varicose veins

26
Q

__________________ pressure is due to the presence of solutes in solution; such a region of higher solute concentration will tend to draw water toward itself

A

osmotic / oncotic

27
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer (operated in a normal fashion)?
A. Turbulent blood flow is inaudible.
B. Laminar blood flow is inaudible.
C. As pressure is bled out of the cuff, the first audible blood sounds are at the systolic pressure.
D. As the cuff pressure drops below the diastolic pressure, blood flow becomes inaudible again.

A

A. Turbulent blood flow is inaudible.

28
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about regulation of blood pressure?
A. The main sensors for blood pressure involve baroreceptors in the aorta and in the vena cava.
B. A major CNS controlling center for blood pressure is located in the medulla.
C. Neural controls are mainly engaged for short-term blood pressure regulation.
D. When blood pressure falls to dangerously low levels, the posterior pituitary releases large amounts of ADH, which is a potent vasoconstrictor.
E. The circuits involving baroreceptors, the vasomotor center & vascular smooth muscle form a true reflex arc.

A

51

A. The main sensors for blood pressure involve baroreceptors in the aorta and in the vena cava.

It wouldn’t make sense to put the baroreceptors in the vena cava—the blood pressures there are
almost zero—there’d be very little pressure to sense!

29
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
A. ANP is released by the atria in response to an expanded blood volume
B. ANP is released by the kidneys and causes diuresis
C. ANP acts to reduce the plasma volume and plasma pressure
D. ANP causes the kidneys to secrete more sodium and water
E. ANP also causes generalized vasodilation and reduces CSF formation in the brain

A

52B

B. ANP is released by the kidneys and causes diuresis

ANP is released by the atria of the heart, when atrial muscle cells become over-stretched by over-
filling. “Time to get rid of sodium & water and bring down that blood volume—better release some
of that ANP!”

30
Q 
At any given moment, the majority of blood in the body is found in the... 
A. ...veins.
B. ...capillaries. 
C. ...arteries. 
D. ...lymph.
A

53A veins

About 60% of the blood is in the veins

31
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE concerning veins?
A. The walls of veins tend to have little elastin or smooth muscle.
B. In humans, some veins possess rings of smooth muscle whose rhythmic contractions function as a secondary heart, helping to return blood to the heart.
C. The blood pressure is very low— almost zero— in the larger veins.
D. Veins contain one-way valves to help return blood to the heart.
E. The muscular pump, involving skeletal muscles and the vein valves, is also important in helping return blood to the heart.

A

54B

B. In humans, some veins possess rings of smooth muscle whose rhythmic contractions function as a secondary heart, helping to return blood to the heart.

No muscle rings in veins

32
Q

The major factor for setting long-term blood pressure is… A. …venous baroreceptors.
B. …arterial baroreceptors.
C. …venous and arterial baroreceptors.
D. …blood volume.

A

55D

D. …blood volume.

Via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, activated by the kidneys

33
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding long-term regulation of blood pressure?
A. The kidneys release angiotensinogen into the blood when arterial blood pressure is too high.
B. Angiotensinogen is converted into its active form, angiotensin II, via the concerted action of the renal
enzyme renin and the lung enzyme ACE.
C. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex and ADH release by the pituitary. D. Angiotensin II acts on brain centers (hypothalamus) to increase thirst, thereby increasing fluid intake.
E. Angiotensin II increases vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.

A

56A
A. The kidneys release angiotensinogen into the blood when arterial blood pressure is too high.

The liver releases angiotensinogen; just one more function for this underappreciated organ!

34
Q 
Which ONE of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood to the heart?
 A. The left superior pulmonary vein
B. The pulmonary trunk
C. The left pulmonary artery 
D. The aorta
E. The superior vena cava
A

57A
A. The left superior pulmonary vein

In fact, all four of the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart

35
Q

The vessels in which the greatest pressure pulsations (diastolic to systolic pressure changes) occur.

A

i. A

Elastic arteries

36
Q

The vessels in which the greatest drop in mean pressure occurs.

A

ii. C

Arterioles

37
Q

The vessels with the greatest amount of elastin in their walls.

A

iii. A

Elastic arteries

38
Q

The vessels whose internal diameters are subject to the greatest amount of ANS control.

A

iv C

Arterioles

39
Q

The vessels whose walls consist almost entirely of endothelial cells alone.

A

v D

Capillaries

40
Q

The vessels which might collectively contain 60% of the body’s blood at any given moment.

A

vi E

Venules and veins

41
Q

The vessels in which the greatest dampening of cardiac pulsations ocur.

A

vii C

Arterioles

42
Q

The vessels containing the baroreceptors which monitor blood pressure

A

viii A

Elastic arteries

43
Q

The mid-sized vessels that serve as conduits to rapidly bring blood from the large arteries near the heart to the organs and tissues of the body

A

ix B

Muscular arteries

44
Q

The vessels which act as pressure reservoirs, providing the driving force to move blood forward even when the ventricles are resting.

A

x A

Elastic arteries

45
Q

Direct branch of the celiac trunk supplying part of the stomach and inferior esophagus

A
  1. 1

Left gastric a.

46
Q

Direct branch of the celiac trunk supplying the liver and parts of the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas

A

B

Common hepatic a.

47
Q

Direct branch of the celiac trunk supplying the spleen as well as parts of the stomach pancreas

A

O

Splenic a.

48
Q

Indirect branch of the celiac trunk that supplies aortic blood to (only) the liver; it soon splits into right and left branches

A

F

Hepatic a.

49
Q

The most superior tributaries of the abdominal aorta, these small arteries serve the inferior surface of the diaphragm

A

N

Phrenic aa., Inf.

50
Q

A large, unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta; its three branches serve most of the viscera in the upper abdominal cavity

A

A

Celiac trunk

51
Q

Unpaired vessel supplying the entire small intestine and parts of the large intestine (ascending and transverse regions)

A

K

Mesenteric a., Sup.

52
Q

Unpaired vessel supplying the distal colon from the middle of the transverse colon to the mid-rectum

A

J

Mesenteric a., Inf.

53
Q

Vessels draining the stomach and lower esophagus; these small vessels empty directly into the hepatic portal vein; important in the formation of esophageal varices

A

D

Gastric vv., L & R

54
Q

Vessels that drain both hepatic portal and aortic blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava

A

H

Hepatic vv.

55
Q

Unpaired vessel draining the entire small intestine, parts of the large intestine (ascending and transverse regions) and the stomach

A

M

Mesenteric v., Sup.

56
Q

Unpaired vessel draining the distal colon from the middle of the transverse colon to the mid-rectum; joins splenic vein near its junction with the superior mesenteric v.

A

L

Mesenteric v., Inf.

57
Q

Vessel draining the spleen, and parts of the stomach and pancreas; merges first with the inferior mesenteric v., then the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein

A

P

Splenic v.

58
Q

Large vessel that ultimately receives all blood from the hepatic portal vein (and hepatic veins) and returns that blood directly to the heart

A

S

Vena cava, Inf.

59
Q

Vessel that drains the gallbladder into the hepatic portal system

A

C

Cystic v.

60
Q

The large, single vessel that drains almost all blood from the lower esophagus to the mid-rectum into the liver

A

G

Hepatic portal v.

61
Q

Briefly describe the structure of a capillary bed, using a labeled diagram. Label an arteriole, venule, metarteriole thoroughfare, capillary and a precapillary sphincter. How is blood flow regulated in capillary beds?

A

Capillary beds exist between the smallest arterioles (terminal arteriole) and the smallest of venules (postcapillary venule). The bed itself consists of two parts, a vascular shunt and the true capillaries. The vascular shunt is a short vessel which directly connects the arteriole and the venule (the part of the shunt near the arteriole is called the metarteriole, and that part near the venule, the thoroughfare channel). Branching off of the metarteriole, and reconnecting to the thoroughfare channel, are the true capillaries, typically 10 - 100 in number. Lastly, at the base of each true capillary, right at the juncture with the metarteriole, is a cuff of smooth muscle, the precapillary sphincter, which regulates blood flow through the capillary bed.

A+P II (13 decks)

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