Neuro-Ophthalmology Flashcards
what cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?
CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI (also internal carotid artery)
what cranial nerve palsy can cause a ‘down and out’ pupil and ptosis
III palsy
what is the cause of weber’s syndrome and benedikt’s syndrome?
midbrain stroke
what CN palsy can cause horizontal diplopia that is worse during distance vision
VI
what CN palsy can cause vertical diplopia that is worse looking down eg. walking downstairs
IV
what CN palsy can arise due to a posterior communicating artery aneurysm
III palsy
in a CN III palsy, due to a posterior communicating artery aneurysm, what additional symptom is present
painful third nerve palsy
what pattern of brain herniation can cause a CN III palsy
uncal herniation
is the pupil dilated or constricted in a III palsy
dilated
what syndrome causes an ipsilateral III palsy + contralateral hemiparesis due to a midbrain stroke
weber’s syndrome
what syndrome causes an ipsilateral III palsy + contralateral tremor / ataxia / chorea due to a midbrain stroke
benedikt’s syndrome
what CN palsy can cause a contralateral head tilt
IV
what CN palsy is congenital or due to trauma
IV
what CN palsy causes a n esotropia
VI
what is the aetiology of cavernous sinus syndrome
infection, tumour, IC aneurysm, cavernous sinus thrombosis
cavernous sinus syndrome can cause horner’s syndrome. T or F
true
what effect does cavernous sinus syndrome have on the corneal reflex
can cause absent corneal reflex
what condition can arise due to ciliary ganglion damage, taking aware the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle and iris?
adie’s pupils
what test is diagnostic of adie’s pupil
TOP pilocarpine (muscarinic) constricts pupil
what condition can cause bilateral irregular small pupils, absent light reflex, constrict on accommodation and the aetiology is syphilis / DM
Argyll Robertson pupil
what condition is most common in young females and can cause anisocoria (large pupil), blurred near vision and an absent light reflex
adie’s pupil
in diagnosing horner’s syndrome, what TOP drug should cause pupillary dilation?
TOP apraclonidine
investigations in horner’s synd
CT/MRI for tumour, artery dissection/aneurysm
lateral medullary syndrome aka Wallenberg syndrome is due to what?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery / vertebral artery occlusion
(type of stroke)
