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Y3 Neurology > Anatomy Lecture 5 SOL > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 5 SOL Flashcards

1
Q

What causes brain herniation

A

Raised intra-cranial pressure within the cranial cavity

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2
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp

A 
S skin
C connective tissue
A aponeurosis
L loose connective tissue
P pericranium
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3
Q

Which scalp layer contains the arterial blood supply to the scalp

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of which artery

A

Internal carotid artery

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5
Q

What is the function of the skull sutures

A

To prevent propagation of skull fractures

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6
Q

INSERT QUESTIONS ON SKULL FORAMINAE FROM OSTEOLOGY CHECKLISTS

A

DO IT

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7
Q

What is the name of the thinnest part of the skull?

A

Pterion

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8
Q

What letter does the pterion resemble?

A

H

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9
Q

What bones contribute to the pterion?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid

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10
Q

Name the bone feature of the occipital bone

A

External and internal occipital protruberances

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11
Q

The mastoid and styloid process are bony features of which bone?

A

Temporal bone

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12
Q

The optic canal is a feature of which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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13
Q

The cavernous sinus is a feature of which bone?

A

Sphenoid (body)

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14
Q

Which artery lies below the deep aspect of the pterion

A

Middle meningeal artery (located between bone and dura), (forms a groove in the skull)

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15
Q

Name the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A 
Dura mater (hard)
Arachnoid mater (spidery)
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater (faithful)
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16
Q

The dural venous sinuses are enclosed within which meningeal layer?

A

Dura mater

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17
Q

Which meningeal layer is responsible for reabsorbing CSF?

A

Arachnoid mater (via arachnoid granulations)

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18
Q

Stretching of which meningeal layer gives rise to pain during meningitis?

A

Pia mater

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19
Q

What is the location of the diaphragm sellae?

A

Over the pituitary fossa

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20
Q

What structure passes through the diaphragm sellae?

A

Pituitary stalk?

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21
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae formed of?

A

Dura mater

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22
Q

Name the tough sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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23
Q

What structure passes through the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Brainstem

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24
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli connect to?

A

Ridges of petrous temporal bone

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25
What is the name of the part of dura mater attached to the deepest aspect of the skull?
Falx cerebri
26
What is the anterior attachment of the falx cerebri?
Crista galli of ethmoid bone
27
What is the posterior attachment of the falx cerebri?
Internal occipital protruberance of occipital bone
28
What is the function of the falx cerebri?
Separates R and L cerebral hemispheres
29
Where do the cerebral veins drain to?
Dural venous sinuses
30
What does the sigmoid sinus drain to and where?
Internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen
31
Where is the confluence of the venous sinuses?
In the midline at the internal occipital protruberances
32
Name 4 of the dural venous sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus R/L sigmoid sinuses Cavernous sinus
33
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?
Carotid canal
34
Where do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?
Foramen magnum
35
Where does the external carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?
It doesn't
36
Name the artery that connect the posterior cerebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries?
R and L posterior communicating arteries
37
INSERT CIRCLE OF WILLIS PROPERLY (ON SLIDE 12 + 13)
DO IT
38
What structure secretes CSF?
Choroid plexus of the ventricles
39
What vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?
S2 of sacrum
40
What vertebral levels can a lumbar puncture be performed to access the subarachnoid space?
L3/4 or L4/5
41
What is the location of the 3rd ventricle?
In the midline within the diencephalon
42
What is the location of the lateral ventricles?
Within the cerebral hemispheres
43
What structure connects the 4th ventricle and the spinal cord?
Central canal
44
What is the location of the 4th ventricle?
Between the cerebellum and pons
45
What structure connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
46
What structure connects the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle?
Foraminae of Monro
47
"Excessive production, obstruction to flow or inadequate reabsorption leads to an increased CSF volume" is the definition of what?
Hydrocephalus
48
What is the function of ventricular peritoneal shunt?
Alleviates CSF pressure by creating a shunt between the ventricles and the peritoneal cavity
49
Which levels of the meninges are cerebral veins found?
Cross the subarachnoid spaces to drain to e.g. superior sagittal sinus
50
Which meningeal layer contains the circle of Willis?
Subarachnoid space
51
Where is a extradural haemorrhage?
Between the bone and the dura
52
Where is a subdural haemorrhage?
Separates the dura from the arachnoid
53
Where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Into the CSF of the subarachnoid space
54
What blood vessel is affected by an extradural haemorrhage?
Ruptured middle meningeal artery
55
What is the cause of extradural haemorrhages?
Pterion trauma
56
What blood vessel is affected by a subdural haemorrhage?
Torn cerebral veins
57
What blood vessel is affected by a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Ruptured Circle of Willis “berry” aneurysm
58
What is the cause of subdural haemorrhages?
Falls in the elderly & those with problem drinking
59
What is the cause of subarachnoid haemorrhages?
Congenital
60
What connective tissue layers do epidural anaesthesia and lumbar punctures have to pass through?
``` Supraspinous ligament Interspinous ligmanet Ligamentum flavum Epidural space Dura mater Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space ```
61
During epidural anaesthesia or lumbar punctures, damage to what structure can result in epidural haematoma and what is the consequence of this?
Extradural venous plexus, compresses spinal cord or cauda equina
62
What vertebral level does the spinal cord end?
L2
63
What structure consists of the L2 - C spinal nerve roots descending towards their respected intervertebral foraminae?
Cauda equina
64
Name the 2 patterns of brain herniation
Supratentorial | Infratentorial
65
An ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil (a blown pupil) in an uncal herniation is due to compression of what structure?
Oculomotor nerve
66
Where do the cerebellar tonsils herniate to in a downward tonsillar (infratentorial) herniation?
Into foramen magum
67
Are transcalvarial herniations supratentorial or infratentorial?
Supratentorial
68
Are cingulate (subfalcine) herniations supratentorial or infratentorial?
Supratentorial
69
Are uncal herniations supratentorial or infratentorial?
Supratentorial
70
In an uncal herniation, which part of the brain herniates where?
Uncus, medial part, of the temporal lobe herniates inferior to the tentorium cerebelli

Y3 Neurology (23 decks)

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