Anatomy Lecture 2 Back

Question 1

what do the dimples on the bottom of the back indicate

Answer 1

posterior superior iliac spines

Question 2

name the parts of the trapezius

Answer 2

descending
transverse
ascending

Question 3

name the 2 divisions of the back muscles

Answer 3

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 4

name the extrinsic back muscles

Answer 4

levator scapulae
rhomboids
trapezius
latissimus dorsi

Question 5

are intrinsic or extrinsic back muscles for moving the upper limb

Answer 5

extrinsic

Question 6

are intrinsic or extrinsic back muscles for maintaining posture and moving the spine

Answer 6

intrinsic

Question 7

name the superficial and deep groups of intrinsic back muscles

Answer 7

superficial - erector spinae

deep - transversospinalis

Question 8

what is the inferior attachment of the common tendon of erector spinae

Answer 8

sacrum and iliac creast

Question 9

what are the superior attachments of the erector spinae muscle

Answer 9

rib or
transverse process or
spinous process

Question 10

what intrinsic back muscle is located between the grooves of the transverse and spinous processes

Answer 10

transversospinalis

Question 11

do branches of the anterior or posterior rami supply the intrinsic back muscles

Answer 11

posterior

Question 12

name the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 12

transversus abdominis
internal oblique
external oblique

Question 13

name the back muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 13

psoas major

quadratus lumborum

Question 14

which muscles are responsible for extension of the spine and which muscles are responsible for rotation of the spine

Answer 14

erector spinae for extension

transversospinalis for rotation

Question 15

which muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine

Answer 15

psoas major

rectus abdominis

Question 16

which muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine

Answer 16

erector spinae (unilateral contraction)

Question 17

how many vertebrae are there in total

Answer 17

33

Question 18

name the numbers of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 18

7
12
5
5 (fused)
4 (fused)

Question 19

name the bony feature of vertebrae that spinal nerves pass through

Answer 19

intervertebral foraminae

Question 20

name the curvatures of the spine

Answer 20

cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis

Question 21

what part of a vertebrae is responsible for weight bearing

Answer 21

vertebral body

Question 22

what part of a vertebrae conveys the spinal cord

Answer 22

vertebral foramen

Question 23

what parts of a vertebrae are involved in facet joints

Answer 23

inferior and superior articular processes

Question 24

what type of joint are facet joints

Answer 24

synovial

Question 25

name the components of the vertebral arch

Answer 25

pedicle and lamina

Question 26

which levels of the vertebrae do not have any intervertebral discs

Answer 26

between C1-C2 and fused sacrum / coccyx

Question 27

name the fibrous outer part of the intervertebral discs

Answer 27

annulus fibrosus

Question 28

name the inner part of the intervertebral discs

Answer 28

nucleus pulposus

Question 29

what ligaments connects adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord

Answer 29

ligamentum flavum

Question 30

which ligament is stronger and broader; the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 30

anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 31

what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 31

prevents over flexion of the spine

Question 32

what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 32

prevents over extension of the spine

Question 33

name the strong fibrous ligament that connects the tips of spinous processes

Answer 33

supraspinous ligament

Question 34

name the weak membranous ligament that connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

Answer 34

interspinous ligament

Question 35

what vertebrae is referred to as the atlas

Answer 35

C1

Question 36

what vertebrae is referred to as the axis

Answer 36

C2

Question 37

what vertebrae is referred to as the vertebrae prominens

Answer 37

C7

Question 38

name the atypical features of C1

Answer 38

no body or spinous process (instead has posterior and anterior arch)

Question 39

name the atypical features of C2

Answer 39

has an odontoid process

Question 40

name the atypical features of C7

Answer 40

non-bifid huge spinous process

Question 41

what is the function of the transverse foramen (a typical feature of a vertebrae)

Answer 41

passage of vertebral arteries

Question 42

name the articulations involved in the atlanto-occipital joints

Answer 42

occipital condyles | superior articular facets of the atlas

Question 43

what type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 43

synovial

Question 44

what are the main movements of the atlanto-occipital joints

Answer 44

neck flexion & extension

Question 45

what type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint

Answer 45

synovial

Question 46

what is the main movement of the atlanto-axial joint

Answer 46

neck rotation

Question 47

what bony features replace intervertebral foraminae in the sacrum

Answer 47

anterior and posterior sacral foraminae

Question 48

what structures pass through the anterior and posterior sacral foraminae

Answer 48

anterior and posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves

Question 49

what palpable body part is the inferior end of the sacral canal

Answer 49

sacral hiatus

Question 50

where is the local anaesthetic injected into in caudal anaesthesia

Answer 50

sacral hiatus

Question 51

in caudal anaesthesia, which nerve roots are anaesthetised

Answer 51

sacral spinal nerve roots of cauda equina

Question 52

what structure is the spinal cord an inferior continuation of

Answer 52

medulla oblongata

Question 53

where does the spinal cord begin

Answer 53

foramen magnum

Question 54

what vertebral level does the spinal cord end

Answer 54

L1/2

Question 55

what is the conus medullaris

Answer 55

end of the spinal cord

Question 56

what is the cauda equina

Answer 56

bundle of spinal nerves arising from the conus medullaris

Question 57

name the layers of connective tissue surrounding the spinal cord within the spinal canal

Answer 57

pia arachnoid dura epidural fat

Question 58

name the procedure that posteriorly accesses the spinal cord

Answer 58

laminectomy

Question 59

what is the action of latissimus dorsi

Answer 59

internal rotation and adduction of the upper limbs