Neuro Mod 2 Flashcards by Fell into the rabbithole

these are excitable cells that are
specialized for the reception of stimuli
and the conduction of the nerve
impulse

NEURONS

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BASIC UNIT OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

NEURONS

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carry impulses from various
receptors in the skin, muscles, and
special sense organs TO the CNS

Afferent Neurons

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conducts impulses FROM the CNS
to the smooth and skeletal muscle

Efferent Neurons

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LARGEST CLASS OF NEURONS

Interneurons

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serves as the MAIN INPUT sites of
the cell

Dendrites

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specialized to receive information
from other cells

Dendrites

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it is the OUTPUT UNIT of the cell

Axons

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specialized to send information to
other neurons, muscle cells, or
glands

Axons

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production site of
neurotransmitters

Soma

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cellular sheath

Myelin

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spaces between the myelin where
nerve signals JUMP from one node
to another

Nodes of Ranvier

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finger-like projections

Presynaptic terminals

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site of interneuronal
communication

Synaptic cleft

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receives the presynaptic neuron’s
neurotransmitter from the synaptic
cleft

Post-synaptic membrane

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contains neuron’s genetic material

Nucleus

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converts nutrients into an energy
source the neuron can use

MITOCHONDRIA

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synthesizes and transports proteins

rough ER (Nissl substance)

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releases Ca2+ for
signaling, and synthesizes and
transports lipids

smooth ER

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synthesizes
protein for neuron’s use

free ribosomes

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packages neurotransmitter

GOLGI APPARATUS

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surrounds the cell

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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two primary
processes that
extend on the cell
body: dendritic
roots & axons

BIPOLAR

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has multiple
dendrites and a
single axon

MULTIPOLAR

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no true dendrite

PSEUDOUNIPOLAR

Positively charged

Extracellular environment

negatively charged

Intracellular environment

allows diffusion of a small number of ions through the membrane at a slow continuous rate

Leak channels

opens in response to mechanical forces, temperature changes, and or chemicals SPECIFIC TO SENSORY NEURONS

Modality-gated channels

opens in response to a neurotransmitter binding to the surface of a channels receptor on postsynaptic cell membrane

Ligand-gated channels

opens in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane

Voltage-gated channels

it is the difference in the voltage in the cytoplasm minus the voltage in the extracellular environment

Resting membrane potential

INITIAL CHANGE in membrane potential

Local potential

these are the electrochemical messages that are transmitted through the movement system

Action potential

RMP before AP begins membrane is “POLARIZED”

Resting Stage

normal “polarized” state is immediately neutralized by the influx of Na+, with the potential rising rapidly and positively

Depolarization

RAPID DIFFUSION OF K+ to the exterior returns to negative RMP followed by hyperpolarization

Repolarization

MC used for signal transmission in the CNS

CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

DIRECT OPEN FLUID channels that conduct electricity from once cell to another

ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE

Increase of ACh results to?

Dyskinesia

decrease of ACh results to?

Paralysis

MAJOR inhibitory neurotransmitter

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Increase of GABA results to?

Memory loss, inability for new learning

decrease of GABA results to?

Anxiety disorders, insomnia and epilepsy

travels in the brain’s pleasure center

Dopamine

decrease of Dopamine results to?

Schizophrenia

decrease of Dopamine results to?

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

affects mood and perception of pain, adjusts the general arousal level, and can

Serotonin

decrease of Serotonin results to?

Anger issues

increase of Serotonin results to?

Depression, suicidal behavior

essential in producing the FLIGHT/FIGHT REACTION to stress

Norepinephrine (NE)

increase of NE results to?

fear and panic

decrease of NE results to?

prevent sympathetic NS signs during stressful situations

modulates pain

Substance P

works together with substance P (modulates pain)

Endorphins

inhibitory neurotransmitter release of adenosine during sleep: SLEEP MAINTENANCE facilitates return to sleep if the individual is awakened

Adenosine

are supporting cells in the NS provides structure for the NS transmits information

Glia

acts as the CNS’ immune system and CLEANS the neural environment

Microglial Cells

STAR-SHAPED CELLS found throughout the CNS

Astrocytes

forms the myelin sheath (CNS)

ꟾ Oligodendrocytes

forms the myelin sheath (PNS) the only supporting cells of the PNS

Schwann cells

lines the cavities of the brain and the central canal of the SC

Ependymocytes

lines the floor of the 3rd ventricle overlying the median eminence of the hypothalamus

Tanycytes

cover the surfaces of the choroid plexus

Choroidal epithelial cells

it is the ABILITY OF NEURONS TO CHANGE their function, chemical profile, or structure

Neuroplasticity

↓ in response to a repeated, benign stimulus ↓ release of excitatory neurotransmitters, including glutamate and free intracellular Ca2+ prolonged repetition of stimulation = more permanent structural

HABITUATION

a cellular mechanism for the formation of memory; essential to neural recovery

long-term potentiation

can be detached by injuries from sharp objects or by extreme stretching typically occurs in the PNS (+) Wallerian degeneration

Axonal Injury

RECOVERY of synaptic effectiveness, denervation hypersensitivity, synaptic hypereffectiveness, and unmasking of silent synapses

Synaptic changes

new receptors develop on the postsynaptic membrane d/t reduction of neurotransmitter produced

Denervation hypersensitivity

some branches of a presynaptic axon are destroyed

Synaptic hypereffectiveness

activation of unused synapses after injury

Unmasking of silent synapses