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Flashcards ni Mang Inamo > Neuro Mod 2 > Flashcards

Neuro Mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

these are excitable cells that are
specialized for the reception of stimuli
and the conduction of the nerve
impulse

A

NEURONS

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2
Q

BASIC UNIT OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

A

NEURONS

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3
Q

carry impulses from various
receptors in the skin, muscles, and
special sense organs TO the CNS

A

Afferent Neurons

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4
Q

conducts impulses FROM the CNS
to the smooth and skeletal muscle

A

Efferent Neurons

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5
Q

LARGEST CLASS OF NEURONS

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

serves as the MAIN INPUT sites of
the cell

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

specialized to receive information
from other cells

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

it is the OUTPUT UNIT of the cell

A

Axons

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9
Q

specialized to send information to
other neurons, muscle cells, or
glands

A

Axons

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10
Q

production site of
neurotransmitters

A

Soma

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11
Q

cellular sheath

A

Myelin

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12
Q

spaces between the myelin where
nerve signals JUMP from one node
to another

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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13
Q

finger-like projections

A

Presynaptic terminals

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14
Q

site of interneuronal
communication

A

Synaptic cleft

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15
Q

receives the presynaptic neuron’s
neurotransmitter from the synaptic
cleft

A

Post-synaptic membrane

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16
Q

contains neuron’s genetic material

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

converts nutrients into an energy
source the neuron can use

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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18
Q

synthesizes and transports proteins

A

rough ER (Nissl substance)

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19
Q

releases Ca2+ for
signaling, and synthesizes and
transports lipids

A

smooth ER

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20
Q

synthesizes
protein for neuron’s use

A

free ribosomes

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21
Q

packages neurotransmitter

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

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22
Q

surrounds the cell

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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23
Q

two primary
processes that
extend on the cell
body: dendritic
roots & axons

A

BIPOLAR

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24
Q

has multiple
dendrites and a
single axon

A

MULTIPOLAR

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25
Q

no true dendrite

A

PSEUDOUNIPOLAR

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26
Q

Positively charged

A

Extracellular environment

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27
Q

negatively charged

A

Intracellular environment

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28
Q

allows diffusion of a small number
of ions through the membrane at a
slow continuous rate

A

Leak channels

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29
Q

opens in response to mechanical
forces, temperature changes, and
or chemicals

SPECIFIC TO SENSORY NEURONS

A

Modality-gated channels

30
Q

opens in response to a
neurotransmitter binding to the
surface of a channels receptor on
postsynaptic cell membrane

A

Ligand-gated channels

31
Q

opens in response to changes in
electrical potential across the cell
membrane

A

Voltage-gated channels

32
Q

it is the difference in the voltage
in the cytoplasm minus the voltage
in the extracellular environment

A

Resting membrane potential

33
Q

INITIAL CHANGE in membrane
potential

A

Local potential

34
Q

these are the electrochemical
messages that are transmitted
through the movement system

A

Action potential

35
Q

RMP before AP begins

membrane is “POLARIZED”

A

Resting Stage

36
Q

normal “polarized” state is
immediately neutralized by the
influx of Na+, with the potential
rising rapidly and positively

A

Depolarization

37
Q

RAPID DIFFUSION OF K+ to the
exterior

returns to negative RMP

followed by hyperpolarization

A

Repolarization

38
Q

MC used for signal transmission in
the CNS

A

CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

39
Q

DIRECT OPEN FLUID channels
that conduct electricity from once
cell to another

A

ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE

40
Q

Increase of ACh results to?

A

Dyskinesia

41
Q

decrease of ACh results to?

A

Paralysis

42
Q

MAJOR inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

43
Q

Increase of GABA results to?

A

Memory loss, inability for new
learning

44
Q

decrease of GABA results to?

A

Anxiety disorders, insomnia and
epilepsy

45
Q

travels in the brain’s pleasure
center

A

Dopamine

46
Q

decrease of Dopamine results to?

A

Schizophrenia

47
Q

decrease of Dopamine results to?

A

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

48
Q

affects mood and perception of
pain, adjusts the general arousal
level, and can

A

Serotonin

49
Q

decrease of Serotonin results to?

A

Anger issues

50
Q

increase of Serotonin results to?

A

Depression, suicidal behavior

51
Q

essential in producing the
FLIGHT/FIGHT REACTION to
stress

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

52
Q

increase of NE results to?

A

fear and panic

53
Q

decrease of NE results to?

A

prevent sympathetic NS signs during
stressful situations

54
Q

modulates pain

A

Substance P

55
Q

works together with substance P
(modulates pain)

A

Endorphins

56
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

release of adenosine during sleep:
SLEEP MAINTENANCE

facilitates return to sleep if the
individual is awakened

A

Adenosine

57
Q

are supporting cells in the NS

provides structure for the NS

transmits information

A

Glia

58
Q

acts as the CNS’ immune system
and CLEANS the neural
environment

A

Microglial Cells

59
Q

STAR-SHAPED CELLS found
throughout the CNS

A

Astrocytes

60
Q

forms the myelin sheath (CNS)

A

ꟾ Oligodendrocytes

61
Q

forms the myelin sheath (PNS)

the only supporting cells of the
PNS

A

Schwann cells

62
Q

lines the cavities of the brain and
the central canal of the SC

A

Ependymocytes

63
Q

lines the floor of the 3rd ventricle
overlying the median eminence of
the hypothalamus

A

Tanycytes

64
Q

cover the surfaces of the choroid
plexus

A

Choroidal epithelial cells

65
Q

it is the ABILITY OF NEURONS TO
CHANGE their function, chemical
profile, or structure

A

Neuroplasticity

66
Q

↓ in response to a repeated, benign
stimulus

↓ release of excitatory
neurotransmitters, including
glutamate and free intracellular
Ca2+

prolonged repetition of stimulation
= more permanent structural

A

HABITUATION

67
Q

a cellular mechanism for
the formation of memory;
essential to neural recovery

A

long-term potentiation

68
Q

can be detached by injuries from
sharp objects or by extreme
stretching

typically occurs in the PNS

(+) Wallerian degeneration

A

Axonal Injury

69
Q

RECOVERY of synaptic
effectiveness, denervation
hypersensitivity, synaptic
hypereffectiveness, and unmasking
of silent synapses

A

Synaptic changes

70
Q

new receptors develop on the
postsynaptic membrane d/t
reduction of neurotransmitter
produced

A

Denervation hypersensitivity

71
Q

some branches of a presynaptic
axon are destroyed

A

Synaptic hypereffectiveness

72
Q

activation of unused synapses after
injury

A

Unmasking of silent synapses

Flashcards ni Mang Inamo (16 decks)

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