Neuro Mod 1 Flashcards by Fell into the rabbithole

Large part of brain

CEREBRUM

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It consists of the Diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres

CEREBRUM

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What are the 6 lobes?

Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Insula
Limbic

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Connects the two hemispheres

CORPUS CALLOSUM

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located center of the cerebrum, superior to the brainstem,
and is almost entirely enveloped by the cerebral
hemispheres

DIENCEPHALON

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It is a large, egg-shaped collection of nuclei located
bilaterally above the brainstem

THALAMUS

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produces complex synaptic
events

Cortical neurons

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Y-shaped sheet of gray matter

Intramedullary Lamina

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conveys information from the sensory systems (except
olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the
cerebral cortex
* found in the ventral

Relay Nuclei

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processes emotional and some memory information

Association Nuclei

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LOC of Association Nuclei

anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and dorsal tier
of the lateral thalamus

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includes the reticular, midline, and intralaminar nuclei
significant in consciousness and arousal

Non-specific Nuclei

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➢Maintaining homeostasis
➢Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors
➢Expression of emotions
➢Regulation of circadian rhythm (regulation of sleep)
➢Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and
reproductive organs

HYPOTHALAMUS

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innervated by sympathetic fibers

Pineal Gland

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located in pancreas wherein insulin and
glucagon are produced

Langerhans

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LOC of Subthalamus

superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain

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coordination of movement

Basal ganglia

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top to bottom, vice versa* they extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral
cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord (SC),
brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus

Projection Fibers

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axons of projection neurons are gathered into a small
bundle

Internal Capsule (IC)

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cortical fibers that project to the cranial nerve
motor nuclei and to the reticular formation

Genu

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located between the thalamus and the
lentiform nucleus

Post. Limb

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Connection between 2 hemispheres

Commissural Fibers

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Connects the cortical regions within one hemisphere

Association Fibers

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relates motivation and behaviors

Ventral Striatum

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vast collection of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites covering the surface of the cerebral hemisphere

CEREBRAL CORTEX

has an apical dendrite reaching from the upper end towards the cortical surface, and basilar dendrites extending horizontally from the soma

Pyramidal cells

*Spindle-shaped cells *Projecting mainly to the thalamus

Fusiform Cells

*Smaller than pyramidal cells *Remains within the cortex *Serves as interneurons

Stellate Cells

* published in 1909 by a German neurologist, Korbinian Brodmann. *Maps the cerebral cortex into 52 histologic regions based on cytoarchitectonic characteristics

BRODMANN’S AREA

LOC of Frontal lobe

anterior the precentral gyrus and parallel to the central sulcus and divided by the lateral sulcus

Function: initiative, judgement, abstract reasoning, creativity, and socially appropriate behavior; control of voluntary movement

Frontal Lobe

Function: sensory integration, cognitive intelligence, pain

Parietal Lobe

LOC: anterior the precentral gyrus and parallel to the central sulcus and divided by the lateral sulcus

Parietal Lobe

▪ LOC: lies below the lat. cerebral fissure and extends back to the level of the parietooccipital fissure on the med. surface of the hemisphere ▪ Function: olfactory, auditory, long-term memory, and abstract thought

Temporal Lobe

▪ Function: visual processing

Occipital Lobe

LOC of Occipital lobe

situated behind the parietooccipital fissure

Larger cover, complex and finer movements

Motor homunculus (Precentral gyrus)

Larger area, more nerves

Sensory homunculus (Postcentral gyrus)

*FXN: source of most neurons in the corticospinal (CS) tract and controls contralateral voluntary movements

Brodmann Area 4

LOC of Brodmann Area 4

precentral gyrus, anterior to the central sulcus

Premotor and supplementary motor cortex

Brodmann Area 6

LOC of Brodmann Area 6

medial aspect of the hemisphere

important for initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head and planning, bimanual and sequential movements

Supplementary motor cortex (SM, 6)

controls trunk and girdle muscles

Premotor cortex (L, 6)

Frontal Eye Fields FXN: eye movements

Brodmann Area 8

Ant. prefrontal cortex LOC: ant. to the primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus and the adjacent premotor cortex FXN: motor planning, judgement, reasoning, initiative, higher order social behavior, working memory, and similar functions

Brodmann Area 9

*Frontal lobe cortex *FXN: memory retrieval, decision making

Brodmann Area 10

*Broca’s Area *LOC: ant. to the motor cortex, dominant cerebral (L) hemisphere *FXN: motor planning of the mouth during speech production, controlling lips and tongue

Brodmann Area 44 and 45

*Primary somatosensory cortex *LOC: central sulcus and on the adjacent post-central gyrus *FXN: receives information from tactile and proprioceptive receptors

Brodmann Area 1, 2, and 3

*LOC: supramarginal gyrus *FXN: perception of the processing of language

Brodmann Area 40

*LOC: Perirhinal and ectorhinal cortex *FXN: memory

Brodmann Area 35 and 36

*LOC: fusiform gyrus *FXN: facial recognition

Brodmann Area 37

*LOC: Superior Middle Temporal Lobe *FXN: perception of taste (sweet, bitter, sour, and umami);

Brodmann Area 43

*Primary visual cortex *LOC: posterior occipital lobe *FXN: processing of visual stimuli, light & dark, shape, movement objects

Brodmann Area 17

*Secondary visual cortex *LOC: surrounds the primary visual cortex *FXN: interpreting of visual stimuli

Brodmann Area 18 and 19

*Receives information from the ventral tier *LOC: central sulcus and on the adjacent post central gyrus *Brodmann’s Areas 1, 2, and 3

Primary somatosensory cortex

*Provides conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds *Receives information from B cochlea *Brodmann’s Area 41

Primary auditory cortex

Discriminates among head positions and head movements relative to gravity by a vestibulothalamocortical pathway

Primary vestibular cortex

*Receives information via a pathway from the retina to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus *Distinguishes between light and dark, shapes, locations of objects, and movement of objects *Brodmann Area 17

Primary visual cortex

*Analyzes sensory input from both the thalamus and the primary sensory cortex *Integrates tactile and proprioceptive information from manipulating an object *Brodmann’s Areas 5, 7

Secondary somatosensory cortex

*Analyzes colors and motion, and its output to the tectum directs visual fixation, the maintenance of an object in central vision *Brodmann Area 18-21

Secondary visual cortex

*Compares sounds with memories of other sounds and then categorizes the sounds as language, music, or noise *Brodmann Area 22, 42

Secondary auditory cortex

➢Language ➢Logic and analytic tasks

Dominant Hemisphere

➢Less language capacity ➢Understanding and producing nonverbal communication ➢Comprehending spatial relationships

Non-dominant hemisphere

*Controls language and speech in most people

LEFT HEMISPHERE

* Provides instruction for language output * L frontal lobe

Broca’s Area (BA 44)

* Comprehension of spoken language * L parietotemporal cortex

Wernicke’s Area (BA 22)

*Leads in interpreting 3D images and spaces *Music understanding *Non-verbal communication

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

Pervasive and sustained emotion subjectively experienced

Mood

➢Observed expression of emotion ➢Can be inconsistent with px’s description of mood

Affect

* Generates feelings of fear and disgust * Interpret facial expressions, body language, social cues * Important for social behavior and emotional learning

Amygdala

Generates sad mood and depression

Area 25 and Mediodorsal Thalamus

Determines reward-oriented behavior and responses to conditioned stimuli

Ventral Striatum

Provides awareness of emotions and of stimuli inside the body

Anterior Insula

*Automatic emotional regulation *Resolve goal conflicts

Hippocampus

Directs attention away from emotional stimuli

Rostral Cingulate Gyrus

Involved in sad mood, determining the value of objects, and linking rewards with specific stimuli, and it elicits ANS ax

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

*Use of rewards to guide behavior *Inhibits maladaptive behavior

Orbital Cortex

* active when making a decision with an uncertain outcome *Pleasure-seeking (sabotages diet resolutions and key player in addiction)

Limbic Loop

Recognizes social disapproval, self-regulates behavior, selects information from irrelevant, maintains attention and stimulus-response learning

Behavioral flexibility and control loop