M2: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Origin of Sternocleidomastoid
A
Sternum and Clavicle
2
Q
how many heads does triceps have
A
three<br></br>
3
Q
○ connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface
of a bone
○ Outer - blood vessels and nerves | Inner - single layer of
bone cells (Osteoblasts & Osteocytes)
A
Periosteum
4
Q
○ Dark band
○ Contains MYOSIN and ACTIN filaments
A
A BAND
5
Q
small
A
minimus
6
Q
muscle shortening
A
Concentric
7
Q
Small, flattened surface
A
Facet
8
Q
muscle cell plasma membrane
A
SARCOLEMMA
9
Q
muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction
A
Motor End Plate / Postsynaptic Membrane
10
Q
Tunnel
A
Meatus
11
Q
Hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
A
Articular Cartilage
12
Q
amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during
contraction, but the length of the muscle changes.
A
Isotonic
13
Q
group of muscles working
together to produce a movement
A
Synergists
14
Q
how many heads does triceps have
A
three
15
Q
round
A
teres
16
Q
thin filaments
A
ACTIN
17
Q
barbs on a feather
from a common
tendon that runs the
length of the entire
muscle
A
Pennate
18
Q
○ muscles that hold one bone in place
relative to the body while a usually more
distal bone is moved
A
Fixator
19
Q
Hollow center of the bone
A
Medullary Cavity
20
Q
○ consists of a group of enlarged axon terminals that
rests on a portion of the sarcolemma
○ Composed of:
■ axon terminals
■ area of the muscle fiber sarcolemma they
innervate
A
Neuromuscular Junction / Synapse
21
Q
● Framework that helps maintain the body’s shape and
enables us to move normally.
● Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
22
Q
Insertion of Brachioradialis
A
radius
23
Q
how many heads does biceps have
A
two
24
Q
○ Found on the axon
○ Synaptic vesicles contain Acetylcholine
A
Presynaptic Terminal
25
arm
brachial
26
Insertion os Sternocleidomastoid
mastoid process of temporal bone
27
○ “Bone Building”
○ extensive endoplasmic reticulum and
numerous ribosomes
○ produce collagen and proteoglycans
○ produce bone matrix until they
become surrounded by bone matrix →
becomes OSTEOCYTES
OSTEOBLAST
28
Main portion
Body, Shaft
29
buttock
gluteus
30
quadrate or rectangular
quadratus
31
○ join end to end, forming the myofibrils
○ smallest portion of a muscle that can contract
SARCOMERE
32
moves a structure toward the midline
adductor
33
multiple per cell at the periphery
NUCLEUS
34
Mm cell cytoplasm
SARCOPLASMA
35
Knob or enlargement
Tubercle or Tuberosity
36
● relatively thin | flattened
shape
● well-suited to providing a
strong barrier around soft
organs
● Skull bones, the ribs, the
scapulae , and the sternum
Flat Bones
37
among a group of synergists, if
one muscle plays the major role in
accomplishing the movement.
The brachialis is the prime mover
in flexing the elbow.
Prime mover
38
formation of new bones |
occurs multiple times during life
Ossification
39
3 Seperate proteins that compose Actin Myofilaments
○ (1) actin
○ (2) tropomyosin
○ (3) troponin
40
○ Matured Osteoblasts
○ Account for 90–95% of bone
cells | life-span of 25 yrs.
○ produce the components
needed to maintain the bone
matrix.
OSTEOCYTES
41
short
brevis
42
● Cortical Bone | Solid outer
layer of bones
● more matrix and is
denser with fewer pores
COMPACT BONE
43
fibers run the length of
the entire muscle and
taper at each end to
terminate at tendons,
creating a wider belly
than the ends
Fusiform
44
○ contains actin and myosin filament
○ composed of about 1500 adjacent MYOSIN FILAMENTS and
3000 ACTIN FILAMENT
MYOFIBRIL
45
Center portion of the bone
Diaphysis
46
contains only myosin myofilaments (thick filaments)
H ZONE
47
● approximately as wide as
they are long
● help transfer force between
long bones
● Found in the hand and foot
(scaphoid, lunate, talus and
calcaneum)
Short Bones
48
○ “bone-destroying”
○ Causes bone
reabsorption
OSTEOCLASTS
49
usually the distal end of
the muscle attached to the bone
undergoing the greatest
movement
Insertion
50
fascicles that arrive at
one common tendon
from a wide area,
creating muscles that
are triangular in shape
Convergent
51
■ delicate layer of connective tissue
■ separates the individual muscle fibers within each fascicle
Endomysium
52
Enlarged (often reounded) end
Head
53
Constricted area between head and body
Neck
54
Depression
Fossa
55
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE
● Movement of the body
● Maintenance of posture
● Respiration
● Communication
● Constriction of organs and vessels
● Contraction of the heart
56
■ Z stands for ZWISCHENSCHEIBE (between)
■ stationary anchor for actin myofilaments
■ stationary anchor for actin myofilaments
Z DISKS
57
○ Center of the H zone
○ consists of delicate protein filaments that hold the myosin
myofilaments in place
M LINE
58
long
longus
59
● Porous | less bone matrix |
more space
● consists of
interconnecting rods or
plates of bone
(trabeculae)
● Contains : Red Marrow &
Yellow Marrow
SPONGY BONE
60
● Attachment sites on Actin → Receptor sites for Myosin
Head
info lng baka kasi itanong ren
61
Cavity
Sinus
62
○ single cell layer of connective tissue
○ lines the internal surfaces of cavities w/in bones
○ Includes osteoblasts & osteoclasts
Endosteum
63
Enlargement near or above a condyle
Epicondyle
64
capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus
Excitability
65
thick filaments
MYOSIN
66
part of the muscle between
the origin and the insertion
Belly
67
same rate of movement
Isokinetic
68
moves a structure away from the midline
abductor
69
Smooth, rounded articular surface
Condyle
70
● Length is greater than their
breadth
● shape enhances their function
in movement of appendages
● Found in the limbs (humerus,
femur, metacarpals, metatarsals
and phalanges)
Long Bones
71
Cleft
Fissure
72
Hole
Foramen
73
When epiphyseal plate ossifies
Epiphyseal Line
74
usually the most
stationary, proximal end of the
muscle
Origin
75
fasciculi arranged in a
circle
Circular
76
provide the mechanical aspect
of muscle contraction.
MYOFILAMENTS
77
● shapes that do not fit readily
into the other three categories
● have specialized functions |
providing protection while
allowing bending and flexing
Irregular Bones
78
muscle lengthening
Eccentric
79
Prominent projection
Process
80
moves a structure toward the midline
adductor
81
3 REGIONS:
■ two lighter-staining regions (I BAND)
■ central darker-staining region (A BAND)
82
muscle acting in opposition to
an agonist, such as triceps
brachii in elbow flexion
Antagonist
83
Ends of long bones | Mostly spongy bone c outer
compact bone
Epiphysis
84
muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting
length and still be able to contract.
Extensibility
85
Myosin Molecules are composed of:
○ Rod portion
○ Myosin head portions (2)
86
Origin of Brachioradialis
Brachium
87
ability of muscle to shorten forcefully, or contract
Contractility
88
chest
pectoralis
89
Three types of bone cells
■ Osteoblast
■ Osteocytes
■ Osteoclasts
90
muscle that accomplishes a
certain movement, such as
biceps brachii in elbow flexion
Agonist
91
connective tissue sheath | surrounds each skeletal muscle
Epimysium
92
traingular
deltoid
93
fasciculi are organized
parallel to the long
axis of the muscle, but
they terminate on a
flat tendon that spans
the width of the entire
muscle.
Parallel
94
Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Body Suppor2. Organ Protection 3. Body Movemen4. Mineral Storage5. Blood Cell Production
95
○ functional unit of compact bone | Central Canal → Bull’s eye
○ AKA: Haversian System
OSTEON
96
straight, parallel
rectus
97
■ Spaces within the matrix
■ Houses bodies of
osteocytes
LACUNAE
98
Types of pennate
Unipennate |
Bipennate |
Multipennate
99
Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur
Trochanter
100
● parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere causes muscle
contraction
● During mm contraction → actin and myosin myofilaments in the
sarcomere slide past one another and shorten the sarcomere
○ myofilaments remain the same length (even at rest)
○ myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicles, and muscles
shorten during contraction
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
101
3 Subunits of Troponin
■ a subunit that anchors the troponin to the actin
■ subunit that prevents the tropomyosin from
uncovering the actin attachment sites in a relaxed
muscle
■ subunit that binds Ca 2+
102
○ contain only actin myofilaments (thin filaments)
○ Light bands
I BAND
103
What is Myosin Head
■ heads bind to active sites → form cross-bridges (mm contraction)
■ heads are attached to the rod portion by a hinge region that bends
and straightens during contraction
■ heads break down adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing energy
104
Prominent edge
Crest
105
ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length
after it has been stretched.
Elasticity
106
● sesame seed
● patella, pisiform
Sesamoid Bones
107
■ Subdivides each muscle into FASCICLES
■ loose connective tissue | passageways for blood vessels
and nerves
Perimysium
108
large
maximus
109
Space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle
fiber
Synaptic Cleft
110
■ narrow, long spaces
■ Houses the extensions of
osteocytes
CANALICULI
111
moves a structure away from the midline
abductor
112
○ Growth plate | between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
○ Growth in bone length occurs here
Epiphyseal Plate
113
○ long, fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the
fibrous actin strand
○ Relaxed mm → covers the attachment sites on actin (uncovering these are required for mm contraction)
○ Relaxed mm → covers the attachment sites on actin (uncovering these are required for mm contraction)
Tropomyosin
114
length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension
increases during the contraction process.
Isometric
