M4: Vertebral Column

Question 1

no body

Answer 1

Atlas

Question 2

forms body of atlas

Answer 2

Axis

Question 3

not bifid

Answer 3

Vertebral Prominens

Question 4

pathway for cervical nerves

Answer 4

Transverse Foramen

Question 5

Functions of vertebral column

Answer 5

supports head
important attachments for ligaments and muscles

Question 6

Howmany vertebrae on
a newborn

Answer 6

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4

Question 7

articular joint for ribs
direction of spinous process is inferior
spinous process overlap

Answer 7

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 8

have articular facets or
transverse process

Answer 8

T1 - T10

Question 9

square -shaped
transverse foramen
bifid Spinous process

Answer 9

Cervical Vertebrae

Question 10

square -shaped
transverse foramen
bifid Spinous process

Answer 10

Cervical Vertebrae

Question 11

Kidney - shaped
large body

Answer 11

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 12

Kidney - shaped
large body

Answer 12

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 13

fve rudimentary vertebrae fused together | form a wedge-shaped bone | Anteriorly

Answer 13

Sacrum

Question 14

upper border | articulates c the 5th lumbar vertebrae

Answer 14

Base

Question 15

upper border | articulates c the 5th lumbar vertebrae

Answer 15

Base

Question 16

Narrow inferior border | Articulates c Coccyx

Answer 16

Apex

Question 17

Narrow inferior border | Articulates c Coccyx

Answer 17

Apex

Question 18

Sacrum articulates with two iliac bones (laterally)

Answer 18

Sacroiliac Joints

Question 19

■ anterior and upper margin of the frst sacral vertebra bulges forward
■ Female - considerable obstetric importance | used when measuring the size
of the pelvis
■ posterior margin of the pelvic inlet

Answer 19

Sacral Promontory

Question 20

○ Continuation of the vertebral column
○ contains the cauda equina & lower part of the
subarachnoid space ( up to the2nd sacral
vertebra)

Answer 20

Sacral Canal

Question 21

○ laminae of the 4th or 5th sacral vertebra fail to
meet in the midline
○ Posterior inferior end of the sacral canal is
devoid of a bony cover → canal easily accessibl

Answer 21

Sacral hiatus

Question 22

○ anterior and posterior surfaces of the sacrum
each have four foramina
○ passage of the anterior and posterior rami of
the upper four sacral nerves

Answer 22

Sacral Foramina

Question 23

○ anterior and posterior surfaces of the sacrum
each have four foramina
○ passage of the anterior and posterior rami of
the upper four sacral nerves

Answer 23

Sacral Foramina

Question 24

○ 5th lumbar vertebrae incorporated into the sacrum
○ usually incomplete and may be limited to one side

Answer 24

sacralization of L5

Question 25

○ frst sacral vertebra is partially or completely separate from the sacrum ○ resemble a sixth lumbar vertebra ○ large extent of the posterior wall of the sa

Answer 25

Lumbarization of S1

Question 26

● consists of four vertebrae fused together to form a single, small triangular bone | articulates at its base with the lower end of the sacrum ○ frst coccygeal vertebra is usually not fused or is incompletely fused with the second vertebra → free vertebra usually projects downward and anteriorly from the apex of the sacrum ○ coccyx may have only three or up to fve vertebr

Answer 26

Coccyx

Question 27

● consists of four vertebrae fused together to form a single, small triangular bone | articulates at its base with the lower end of the sacrum ○ frst coccygeal vertebra is usually not fused or is incompletely fused with the second vertebra → free vertebra usually projects downward and anteriorly from the apex of the sacrum ○ coccyx may have only three or up to fve vertebr

Answer 27

Coccyx

Question 28

thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves

Answer 28

Anterior Concavity ( kyphosis.)

Question 29

Cervical and lumbar curves

Answer 29

Posterior Concavity (Lordosis)

Question 30

○ appears at the junction of the L5 and S1 vertebrae ○ forming two anteriorly concave curves

Answer 30

Lumbosacral Angle

Question 31

Hyoid

Answer 31

C3

Question 32

Thyroid Cartilage

Answer 32

C4 - C5

Question 33

cricoid Cartilage

Answer 33

C6

Question 34

T2

Answer 34

Superior angle of scapula

Question 35

T3

Answer 35

Scapular Spine

Question 36

T7

Answer 36

Inferior angle of Scapula

Question 37

TIO

Answer 37

xiphoid process

Question 38

L4

Answer 38

Ilicc Crest

Question 39

L5

Answer 39

Tubercle of iliac crest

Question 40

S2

Answer 40

sacroiliac joint and PSIS

Question 41

25% of the vertebral height

Answer 41

Intervertebral Discs

Question 42

Contains collagen (elasticity) and protein (lamellae, angled at 30°)

Answer 42

Annulus Fibrossus

Question 43

attached to outside part of A.F

Answer 43

Sharpey's Fibers

Question 44

● Contains collagen, water, and protein (Proteoglycans, strong affnity with water) ● % of water (80-90%), through aging this amount decreases

Answer 44

Nucleus Pulposus

Question 45

Joints

Answer 45

● Interbody joints ● Zygapophy seal joints

Question 46

Movements

Answer 46

● Flexion ● Extension ● Rotation ● Lateral Flexion

Question 47

○ Connects that anterior aspect of vertebral body of many vertebrae ○ Taut: extension ○ Lax: fexion

Answer 47

ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (ALL

Question 48

○ Connects the posterior aspect of the vertebral body of the many vertebrae ○ Taut: fexion ○ Lax: extension

Answer 48

POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (PLL)

Question 49

○ connects the tip of spinous process of many vertebrae ○ (C7 to sacrum) ○ Taut: fexion ○ Lax: extension

Answer 49

Supraspinous ligament

Question 50

○ Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae ○ Taut: Flexion ○ Lax: Extension

Answer 50

Ligamentum favum/fava

Question 51

○ connects the tip of spinous process of adjacent vertebrae ○ (Occiput to C7) ○ BELOW NECK REGION→ becomes supraspinous ligament ○ Taut: fexion ○ Lax: Extension

Answer 51

Ligamentum nuchae

Question 52

○ Connects the adjacent spinous processes ○ Taut: fexion ○ Lax: Extension

Answer 52

Interspinous ligament

Question 53

○ Connects the adjacent transverse processes ○ Taut: lateral fexion contralateral ○ Lax: lateral fexion ipsilateral

Answer 53

Intertransverse ligament

Question 54

controls the skull and atlas rotation over the axis

Answer 54

Alar ligaments

Question 55

holds the dens against the atlas

Answer 55

Transverse ligament

Question 56

vertical ligament over the transverse ligament, limits rotation of skull and atlas.

Answer 56

Cruciform Ligament

Question 57

Functions similar to alar ligaments.

Answer 57

Accessory Atlanto-Axial ligament – (AAA ligaments

Question 58

fracture of C1

Answer 58

Jefferson’s fracture

Question 59

fracture of C2

Answer 59

Hangman’s fracture

Question 60

Superfcial Muscles of the Back

Answer 60

● Trapezius (Upper, middle, lower) , shawl muscle ● Rhomboids –(Minor, Major) ● Levator Scapulae ● Latissimus Dorsi – broadest muscle “crutch walking muscle”

Question 61

shawl muscle

Answer 61

Trapezius (Upper, middle, lower

Question 62

broadest muscle “crutch walking muscle”

Answer 62

Latissimus Dorsi

Question 63

Intermediate Muscles of the Back

Answer 63

Serratus Posterior ○ Superior – forced inspiration ○ Inferior – forced expiration

Question 64

Muscles of the Anterior Trunk

Answer 64

● Pectoralis Major and minor ● Rectus abdominis ● Transversus abdominis ● Obliques ○ External oblique ○ Internal oblique ● Pyramidalis

Question 65

Characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

Answer 65

Scoliosis

Question 66

curvature towards the left.

Answer 66

Levoscoliosis

Question 67

curvature towards the right.

Answer 67

Dextroscoliosis

Question 68

curvature towards the right.

Answer 68

Dextroscoliosis