Neuro 3

Question 1

3 layers of the meninges

Answer 1

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 2

3 spaces of the meninges

Answer 2

epidural space
subdural space
subarachnoid space

Question 3

What are the pachymeninges?

Answer 3

Dura mater
- tough = protection
-outer later
- encompasses venous sinuses
- Infoldings separate parts of the brain
• Faux cerenri between cerebral hemispheres
• Tentorium cerebelli between cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 4

What are the leptomeninges

Answer 4

arachnoid mater and pia mater

Question 5

Arachnoid mater overview

Answer 5

spider web like
- Function: cushioning and absorption of CSF
- holds small arteries
-has granulations to absorb CSF back to the bloodstream

Question 6

Pia mater overview

Answer 6

delicate
- follows the gyri and sulci
-function: barrier, blood vessel penetration

Question 7

What is the circle of Willis and what leads up to it

Answer 7

anatomical circle of blood flow to the brain
comes from internal carotid arteries, and basilar artery (from 2 vertebral arteries)

Question 8

2 arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord

Answer 8

dorsal and ventral spinal artery

(1 supplies dorsal white/gray matter, the other ventral AND lateral white/gray matter)

Question 9

2 major veins of the spinal cord

Answer 9

dorsal spinal vein and ventral spinal vein

Question 10

What is the function of the blood brain barrier

Answer 10

protect the neural tissue from pathogens and toxins in the bloodstream

Question 11

What are the components of the blood brain barrier

Answer 11

• Endothelial cells with tight junctions
• Basement membrane
• Pericytes – contractile cells
• Astrocyte foot processes

Question 12

How did they discover the blood brain barrier

Answer 12

Intravenous dye injection stained all tissue except the brain and CSF

choroid plexus and meninges were stained

Question 13

Ventricle of the telencephalon

Answer 13

lateral ventricles

Question 14

what are the ventricles of the diencephalon

Answer 14

third ventricle

Question 15

what part of the ventricular system is in the mesencephalon

Answer 15

mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 16

What ventricle is in the rhombencephalon (met and myel)

Answer 16

fourth ventricle

Question 17

what part of the ventricular system is in the spinal cord?

Answer 17

central canal

Question 18

Lateral ventricles

Answer 18

ventricles 1 and 2
-in the cerebral hemispheres
left and right divided by septum pellucidum

(has choroid plexus)

Question 19

Third ventricle

Answer 19

donut shape around the intrathalamic adhesion

(has choroid plexus)

Question 20

mesencephalic aqueduct

Answer 20

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
common site of obstruction bc it is small

Question 21

Fourth ventricle

Answer 21

connects aqueduct to central canal
has lateral and medial openings into subarachnoid space
- prion diseases attack here
(has choroid plexus)

Question 22

Cerebrospinal fluid overview

Answer 22

• Clear, colorless fluid
• Fills the ventricular system and subarachnoid space
• Produced by choroid plexus from blood
• Functions
• Protection/shock absorption
• Homeostasis
• Clearance of waste products

Question 23

What is the choroid plexus?

Answer 23

• Specialized ependymal cells forms CSF from blood
• Form papillary structures containing many blood vessels
• Located in lateral, third and fourth ventricles

Question 24

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (8)

Answer 24

• Lateral ventricle
• Interventricular foramen
• Third ventricle
• Mesencephalic aqueduct
• Fourth ventricle
• Medial and lateral foramens
• Subarachnoid space
• Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations

Question 25

Where are the low and high spinal taps located?

Answer 25

High: cerebellomedullary cistern (cisternal)
Low: Lumbar

Question 26

axons can be

Answer 26

myelinated or unmyelinated

Question 27

Connective tissue of peripheral nerves (3)

Answer 27

• Endoneurium – around individual axons
• Perineurium – around bundles of axons
• Epineurium – around nerves

Question 28

What myelinates peripheral nerve axons?

Answer 28

schwann cells

Question 29

Peripheral nerves

Answer 29

White
• Solid and do not stretch
• Typically run in the fascia between muscle bodies
• May parallel the blood vessels (neurovascular bundle)

Question 30

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 30

splits into somatic and autonomic

autonomic splits into parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric

Somatic = skeletal voluntary

Question 31

Somatic nervous system

Answer 31

voluntary movement, skeletal muscle, 1 neuron with the cell body in CNS

Question 32

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 32

Visceral, cardiac and smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion

2 neurons that synapse outside of the CNS

Question 33

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Answer 33

maintain homeostasis
slow
ganglia in/near target organ
origin in brainstem/sacral
long preganglionic and short post ganlionic motor neurons

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotransmitter =
ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 34

Sympathetic chart overview

Answer 34

response to stress
fast!
ganglia in parallel chain next to spinal cord
origin in lateral horns of thoracic and lumbar spine
short preganglionic and long postganglionic motor neurons

presynaptic neurotransmitter= acetylcholine
postsynaptic neurotransmitter = norepinephrine

Question 35

Actions of sympathetic nervous system

Answer 35

• Fight, flight, fright response (stress)
• Increased heart and respiratory rate
• Increased blood flow to muscles
• Decreased digestive processes
• Innervates nearly every tissue in the body

Question 36

motor pathways vs sensory pathways in sympathetic nervous system

Answer 36

Motor= preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

Sensory = similar to somatic (skeletal) system
cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion

Question 37

Adrenal gland overview

Answer 37

• Located cranial and medial to kidney (on top)

• Endocrine gland – releases chemical messengers into blood

• Parts
• Cortex
• Controlled by the pituitary gland
• Medulla
• Controlled by sympathetic nerves (stress)
• Releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 38

Parasympathetic actions

Answer 38

• Rest and digest
• Decreased heart and respiratory rate
• Increased digestion

Question 39

Parasympathetic motor vs sensory pathway

Answer 39

motor = pre/post ganglionic neurons

sensory = similar to cranial and spinal nerves

Question 40

Enteric nervous system

Answer 40

Web-like series of neurons located in the wall of the intestine

“second brain” more neurons than the brain

uses vagus nerve