Anatomy 2

Question 1

How many bones form the skull/hyoid apparatus?

Answer 1

50

Question 2

What 4 bones are not paired in the skull?

Answer 2

vomer, ethmoid, occipital, and basihyoid

Question 3

2 regions of the skull

Answer 3

facial region (visceral)
neural region (neurocranium)

Question 4

3 lengths of skulls for dog breeds

Answer 4

brachycephalic
mesaticephalic
dolichocephalic

Question 5

3 cavities of the skull

Answer 5

cranial
nasal
paranasal

Question 6

Cribriform plate

Answer 6

rostral wall of the cranial cavity

tiny holes for passage of olfactory nerves and blood vessels

separates cranial cavity from nasal cavity

Question 7

nasal septum divides nasal cavity into 2_____

Answer 7

nasal fossae

Question 8

rostral bony opening into nasal cavity

Answer 8

nasal aperture

Question 9

What is the choanae

Answer 9

2 openings at the end of the hard palate

Question 10

what are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 10

air filled- in the facial bones (skull sandwich)

communicate with nasal cavity

Question 11

what sinus is the largest in the horse

Answer 11

the maxillary paranasal sinus

Question 12

what are the 4 pairs of sinuses in a horse

Answer 12

maxillary, frontal, conchal, sphenopalatine

Question 13

what is the largest sinus in an ox

Answer 13

frontal sinus - extends into horns

Question 14

what are the 6 pairs of sinuses in oxes

Answer 14

frontal, maxillary, conchal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal

Question 15

what is the vascular notch

Answer 15

only present in the horse, can feel the pulse in the facial artery (near their big chunky jawline)

Question 16

3 parts of the ramus in the cat and dog

Answer 16

coronoid process, condylar process, angular process

Question 17

what is the hyoid apparatus

Answer 17

series of bones that suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull

Question 18

species variation for the lingual process in the hyoid apparatus

Answer 18

none in carnivores
short in ox
long in horse

Question 19

whats the widest part of the skull

Answer 19

zygomatic arch

Question 20

what is the nasoincisive notch

Answer 20

palpable landmark in the horse
- between nasal and incisive bones
- helps find infraorbital foramen

Question 21

what is the facial crest

Answer 21

in horses, the ridge on the lateral surface of the face

Question 22

what is the facial tuberosity

Answer 22

in ruminants it’s a process on the lateral surface of the face

Question 23

what species is the orbit incomplete? (and what is it completed by?)

Answer 23

dog and cat (completed by orbital ligament)

complete in horses, ruminants

Question 24

what is below the zygomatic arch and has many foramina for vessels/nerves

Answer 24

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 25

what is the name of the osseous opening to the ear/tympanic bulla

Answer 25

external acoustic meatus

Question 26

what is the mastoid process

Answer 26

caudodorsal to external acoustic meatus and is an attachment site for muscles - in the dog touches the hyoid apparatus

Question 27

what is the cornual process

Answer 27

continuation of the frontal bone, houses the frontal sinus larger in ruminants

Question 28

where is the external sagittal crest

Answer 28

on the midline of the top of the head (more caudal)

Question 29

what species does not have an external sagittal crest

Answer 29

ruminants

Question 30

what converges to form the external sagittal crest

Answer 30

the temporal line (ruminants have this too!)

Question 31

where would you anesthetize an ox for de-horning

Answer 31

under the temporal lines there is the cornual VAN (nerve block)

Question 32

what separates the oral and nasal cavities

Answer 32

the hard palate

Question 33

where can you enter to drain the otitis media in carnivores?

Answer 33

the tympanic bulla

Question 34

Clinical significance of the tympanic bulla in the cat (what part)?

Answer 34

septum bullae - should be broken to permit drainage BUT don’t damage sympathetic nerves

Question 35

where does the nuchal crest meet?

Answer 35

external occipital protuberance

Question 36

what is the nuchal crest

Answer 36

transverse ridge at the back of the skull

Question 37

clinical signifance of the external occipital protuberance

Answer 37

CSF taps in dogs

Question 38

what do the occipital condyles articulate with?

Answer 38

atlantooccipital articulation

Question 39

what is the opening that the spinal cord passes

Answer 39

foramen magnum

Question 40

where would you dental nerve block (in horses esp.)

Answer 40

infraorbital foramen

Question 41

sutures are a ____ joint

Answer 41

fibrous

Question 42

What is a gomphosis

Answer 42

fibrous joint that holds the periodontal ligament of teeth (do not ossify)

Question 43

What is the only joint between bone and non-bone

Answer 43

gomphosis - bone and teeth

Question 44

the mandibular symphysis is a ____ joint

Answer 44

fibrocartilaginous

Question 45

where is a cartilaginous joint in the skull

Answer 45

joint of the hyoid apparatus (near mastoid process)

Question 46

What are the 3 synovial joints of the skull (for this exam)

Answer 46

articulation of the hyoid apparatus with the larynx TMJ !! - tempromandibular joint atlanto-occipital articulation

Question 47

vertebral formula of the dog/cat

Answer 47

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20

Question 48

vertebral formula of the horse

Answer 48

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 20

Question 49

Vertebral formula of oxes

Answer 49

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20

Question 50

Vertebral formula for sheep and goats

Answer 50

C7 T13 L 6-7 S 4 Cd 18

Question 51

Calvier king charles spaniel disease

Answer 51

intervertebral disc disease IVDD

Question 52

what 2 bones form the vertebral arch

Answer 52

lamina (on top) and pedicle on the sides

Question 53

how many articular processes per vertebra

Answer 53

4- 2 cranial 2 caudal forms synovial joints

Question 54

intervertebral foramina

Answer 54

formed by cranial and caudal vertebral notches transmits spinal nerves and vessel

Question 55

transational vertebrae are

Answer 55

located between 2 vertebral groups (c7 large dsp)

Question 56

which vertebrae have transverse foramina

Answer 56

c1-c6 (not c7) form the transverse canal for vertebral VAN

Question 57

atlas 3 facts

Answer 57

wing are modified transverse processes no intervertebral foramen, but has lateral vertebral foramen for 1st cervical spinal nerve presence of alar foramen (notch in cats and dogs)

Question 58

axis 2 facts

Answer 58

longest body of vertebra Dens forms pivot w/ atlas

Question 59

c6 clinical significance

Answer 59

large transverse process TP is a landmark in surgery and radiographs

Question 60

c7 3 facts

Answer 60

- has higher spinous process. - No transverse foramen - Has costal facets on its caudal surface for the 1st. rib

Question 61

how many costal foveae per thoracic vertebrae

Answer 61

6 2 cranial, 2 caudal - 1 per transverse process

Question 62

the withers

Answer 62

high point of back - T2-8 apex from t4-7

Question 63

anticlinal vertebra

Answer 63

angulation changes - goes straight up

Question 64

anticlinal vertebra in horse vs dogs

Answer 64

t11 in dogs, t15/16 in horses

Question 65

what are kissing spines

Answer 65

spinal impingement - in horses overcrowding of dsps causes back paint

Question 66

what parts of the rib articulate with the costal fovea

Answer 66

the head and tubercle

Question 67

roughly how many sternebrae in sternum

Answer 67

6-8 1= manubrium last is the xiphoid process

Question 68

lumbar vertebrae have….

Answer 68

large transverse processes and no costal facets

Question 69

what vertebrae have mamillary processes

Answer 69

t2/t3 to L7

Question 70

all lumbar and the last few thoracic vertebra have..

Answer 70

accessory processes

Question 71

lumbar vertebrae in the horse

Answer 71

the transverse processes of the last few lumbar vertebrae articulate with each other (and they articulate with wings of sacrum) - think anatomy fused example

Question 72

What is spina bifida

Answer 72

cleft vertebra - neural arches fail to meet dorsally- open vertebral canal come in english bull dogs neural tube defects

Question 73

how many paris of ventral sacral foramina in the sacrum

Answer 73

2 pairs

Question 74

what is prominent in cattle caudal vertebrae

Answer 74

hemal arch

Question 75

What are the 10 joints of the vertebral column

Answer 75

atlanto-occipital jt. atlanto-axial jt. joints of the articular processes costovertebral jt. jt of rib tubercle sternocostal jt. costocchondral synchondrosis sternal synchondroses intervertebral symphysis sacroiliac jt.

Question 76

3 long ligaments of the vertebral column

Answer 76

ventral longitudinal lig. dorsal longitudinal lig. supraspoinous lig.

Question 77

2 parts of the nuchal ligament (and what species it is not present in)

Answer 77

funicular and lamellar absent in cats and pigs dog only has funicular part