Anatomy 2 Flashcards
How many bones form the skull/hyoid apparatus?
50
What 4 bones are not paired in the skull?
vomer, ethmoid, occipital, and basihyoid
2 regions of the skull
facial region (visceral)
neural region (neurocranium)
3 lengths of skulls for dog breeds
brachycephalic
mesaticephalic
dolichocephalic
3 cavities of the skull
cranial
nasal
paranasal
Cribriform plate
rostral wall of the cranial cavity
tiny holes for passage of olfactory nerves and blood vessels
separates cranial cavity from nasal cavity
nasal septum divides nasal cavity into 2_____
nasal fossae
rostral bony opening into nasal cavity
nasal aperture
What is the choanae
2 openings at the end of the hard palate
what are the paranasal sinuses
air filled- in the facial bones (skull sandwich)
communicate with nasal cavity
what sinus is the largest in the horse
the maxillary paranasal sinus
what are the 4 pairs of sinuses in a horse
maxillary, frontal, conchal, sphenopalatine
what is the largest sinus in an ox
frontal sinus - extends into horns
what are the 6 pairs of sinuses in oxes
frontal, maxillary, conchal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal
what is the vascular notch
only present in the horse, can feel the pulse in the facial artery (near their big chunky jawline)
3 parts of the ramus in the cat and dog
coronoid process, condylar process, angular process
what is the hyoid apparatus
series of bones that suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull
species variation for the lingual process in the hyoid apparatus
none in carnivores
short in ox
long in horse
whats the widest part of the skull
zygomatic arch
what is the nasoincisive notch
palpable landmark in the horse
- between nasal and incisive bones
- helps find infraorbital foramen
what is the facial crest
in horses, the ridge on the lateral surface of the face
what is the facial tuberosity
in ruminants it’s a process on the lateral surface of the face
what species is the orbit incomplete? (and what is it completed by?)
dog and cat (completed by orbital ligament)
complete in horses, ruminants
what is below the zygomatic arch and has many foramina for vessels/nerves
pterygopalatine fossa
what is the name of the osseous opening to the ear/tympanic bulla
external acoustic meatus
what is the mastoid process
caudodorsal to external acoustic meatus and is an attachment site for muscles
- in the dog touches the hyoid apparatus
what is the cornual process
continuation of the frontal bone, houses the frontal sinus
larger in ruminants
where is the external sagittal crest
on the midline of the top of the head (more caudal)
what species does not have an external sagittal crest
ruminants
what converges to form the external sagittal crest
the temporal line (ruminants have this too!)
where would you anesthetize an ox for de-horning
under the temporal lines there is the cornual VAN
(nerve block)
what separates the oral and nasal cavities
the hard palate
where can you enter to drain the otitis media in carnivores?
the tympanic bulla
Clinical significance of the tympanic bulla in the cat (what part)?
septum bullae
- should be broken to permit drainage BUT don’t damage sympathetic nerves
where does the nuchal crest meet?
external occipital protuberance
what is the nuchal crest
transverse ridge at the back of the skull
clinical signifance of the external occipital protuberance
CSF taps in dogs
what do the occipital condyles articulate with?
atlantooccipital articulation
what is the opening that the spinal cord passes
foramen magnum
where would you dental nerve block (in horses esp.)
infraorbital foramen
sutures are a ____ joint
fibrous
What is a gomphosis
fibrous joint that holds the periodontal ligament of teeth (do not ossify)
What is the only joint between bone and non-bone
gomphosis - bone and teeth
the mandibular symphysis is a ____ joint
fibrocartilaginous
where is a cartilaginous joint in the skull
joint of the hyoid apparatus (near mastoid process)
What are the 3 synovial joints of the skull (for this exam)
articulation of the hyoid apparatus with the larynx
TMJ !! - tempromandibular joint
atlanto-occipital articulation
vertebral formula of the dog/cat
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20
vertebral formula of the horse
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 20
Vertebral formula of oxes
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20
Vertebral formula for sheep and goats
C7 T13 L 6-7 S 4 Cd 18
Calvier king charles spaniel disease
intervertebral disc disease IVDD
what 2 bones form the vertebral arch
lamina (on top) and pedicle on the sides
how many articular processes per vertebra
4- 2 cranial 2 caudal
forms synovial joints
intervertebral foramina
formed by cranial and caudal vertebral notches
transmits spinal nerves and vessel
transational vertebrae are
located between 2 vertebral groups (c7 large dsp)
which vertebrae have transverse foramina
c1-c6 (not c7)
form the transverse canal for vertebral VAN
atlas 3 facts
wing are modified transverse processes
no intervertebral foramen, but has lateral vertebral foramen for 1st cervical spinal nerve
presence of alar foramen (notch in cats and dogs)
axis 2 facts
longest body of vertebra
Dens forms pivot w/ atlas
c6 clinical significance
large transverse process
TP is a landmark in surgery and radiographs
c7 3 facts
- has higher spinous process.
- No transverse foramen
- Has costal facets on its caudal surface for the 1st. rib
how many costal foveae per thoracic vertebrae
6
2 cranial, 2 caudal - 1 per transverse process
the withers
high point of back - T2-8
apex from t4-7
anticlinal vertebra
angulation changes - goes straight up
anticlinal vertebra in horse vs dogs
t11 in dogs, t15/16 in horses
what are kissing spines
spinal impingement - in horses overcrowding of dsps causes back paint
what parts of the rib articulate with the costal fovea
the head and tubercle
roughly how many sternebrae in sternum
6-8
1= manubrium
last is the xiphoid process
lumbar vertebrae have….
large transverse processes and no costal facets
what vertebrae have mamillary processes
t2/t3 to L7
all lumbar and the last few thoracic vertebra have..
accessory processes
lumbar vertebrae in the horse
the transverse processes of the last few lumbar vertebrae articulate with each other (and they articulate with wings of sacrum)
- think anatomy fused example
What is spina bifida
cleft vertebra - neural arches fail to meet dorsally- open vertebral canal
come in english bull dogs
neural tube defects
how many paris of ventral sacral foramina in the sacrum
2 pairs
what is prominent in cattle caudal vertebrae
hemal arch
What are the 10 joints of the vertebral column
atlanto-occipital jt.
atlanto-axial jt.
joints of the articular processes
costovertebral jt.
jt of rib tubercle
sternocostal jt.
costocchondral synchondrosis
sternal synchondroses
intervertebral symphysis
sacroiliac jt.
3 long ligaments of the vertebral column
ventral longitudinal lig.
dorsal longitudinal lig.
supraspoinous lig.
2 parts of the nuchal ligament (and what species it is not present in)
funicular and lamellar
absent in cats and pigs
dog only has funicular part
