Neuro 1

Question 1

Central nervous system is made up of the

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

peripheral nervous system is made of

Answer 2

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 3

general nervous system function

Answer 3

Stimuli -> sensory receptors -> afferent signals ->

CNS (integration and processing) -> efferent signals

-> response (muscle contract, gland secretion, etc.)

Question 4

Nervous system development

Answer 4

Thickening of ectoderm -> neural plate -> fold into neural tube

neural tube = CNS, edge cells or neural crest = PNS

Question 5

CNS development

Answer 5

neural tube = CNS

parts grow at different rates

prosencephalon (forebrain) grows most rapidly and surrounds other parts of the tube

(grows so rapidly it folds in on itself creating the gyri and sulci)

Question 6

Neuroepithelial cell pathways

Answer 6

-> multipotential stem cell, splits into
Glial progenitor and neuronal progenitor

NP -> neuroblast -> neuron

GP -> (splits into 3) ependymal , astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte

Question 7

Neuron overview

5 parts

Answer 7

Functional cell of the nervous system
• Highly specialized and post-mitotic (does not divide)
• Cell body or soma
• ATP production
• Protein synthesis
• Dentrites
• Receive incoming signals
• Axon
• Conduct outgoing signals
• Axon Terminal
• Releases chemical neurotransmitters which bind to adjacent receptors

•Synapse
•site of interaction

Question 8

3 types of neurons

Answer 8

sensory, motor, interneurons

Question 9

Sensory neuron overview

Answer 9

• Detect environmental stimuli
• Cell bodies outside CNS
• Relay information to the central nervous system

(axons on both sides, cell body in the middle, not a lot of dendrites)

Question 10

Motor neuron overview

Answer 10

• Relay information from the central nervous system to the effector organs
• Muscles
• Glands
• Cell bodies inside CNS

long axon, body at top, normal looking

Question 11

Interneuron overview

Answer 11

• communication between neurons
• Just in the CNS

(cell body in the middle, little to no axon, most dendrites and terminals)

Question 12

Gray matter=

Answer 12

mostly cell bodies and dendrites

(40% of brain)

Question 13

White matter =

Answer 13

mostly axons

(60% of brain)

Question 14

Resting membrane potential

Answer 14

-70 mV

• Concentration of ions creates a charge differential across the membrane

• More negative inside the cell
• More positive outside the cell

• Maintained by a pump that brings K+ into the cell and Na+ outside the cell

Question 15

Inhibitory ion channels

Answer 15

K+ voltage gated pump and Cl- ligand gated pump

Question 16

Excitatory ion channels

Answer 16

Na+ voltage gated pump and Na+ Ca+ ligand gated pump

Question 17

voltage gated ion channels

Answer 17

triggered by +/- charge across membrane

(Na+ and Ka+ pumps)

Question 18

ligand gated ion channels

Answer 18

triggered by ligands bonding to receptors, changes charge of membrane

(Na+ Ca+ and Cl- pumps)

Question 19

Action potential is caused by

Answer 19

depolarization and hyperpolarization

Question 20

depolarization

Answer 20

• Resting membrane potential becomes less negative
• Positive ions flow into the cell or
• Negative ions flow out of the cell

(+30 mV)

Question 21

hyperpolarization

Answer 21

• RMP becomes more negative
• Positive ions out
• Negative ions in

Question 22

Action potential electrical communication pathway

Answer 22

signal from dendrites (+mV) -> Na+ channels open (+mV)

-> Na+ channels close and K+ channels open (- mV)

-> K+ channels close (+mV a little to balance)

Question 23

What happens at the synapse (pathway from pictures)

Answer 23

membrane bound vesicles holding neurotransmitters->

release vesicles into place between synapse and dendrite

-> neurotransmitters attach and open channel on dendrite

-> signal relayed with polarization

Question 24

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 24

Acetylcholine
Glutamate

Question 25

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 25

GABA
Glycine

Question 26

2 types of glia

Answer 26

macroglia and microglia

PROTECT AND CLEAN

Question 27

Macroglia 3 types

Answer 27

Astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

Question 28

Microglia

Answer 28

Derived from precursors in yolk sac

• Important for phagocytosis of necrotic neural tissue
(eats debris or calls in backup for toxic agent)

Question 29

Astrocytes overview

Answer 29

1st bestie
Star-shaped with many processes (neuron w/o axon)

• Functions
• Structural support
• Take up excess K+, transmitters
• Foot processes = part of blood brain barrier (gatekeep)
• Store glycogen (main source of energy for neurons)
• Produce glutamate

Question 30

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 30

2nd besties, like schwann cells for CNS
• Small round condensed nuclei with clear halo
• Grey and white matter
• Function: insulation of CNS neuron axons
• Insulation = myelin

• One oligodendrocyte can insulate 50 axons

mostly in white matter

Question 31

Schwann Cells

Answer 31

Similar to oligodendrocytes, but in the peripheral nervous system

• One Schwann cell insulates just one axon

• Important in peripheral nerve regeneration after injury (does not happen in the CNS)

Question 32

Ependymal cells/choroid plexus

Answer 32

• Ependymal cells line the ventricles and central canal
• Specialized ependymal cells and blood vessels form choroid plexus
• Makes cerebrospinal fluid

forms barrier between fluid and neurons

Question 33

Patellar reflex example

Answer 33

stimuli in the patella - shoots electrical signal through sensory neuron to dorsal horn of spinal cord

send signal to ventral horn of spinal cord which sends a message through a motor neuron to move