Cell Function 2 Flashcards
Scientific method
Observation (and previous knowledge)
Hypothesis
Experiment
Observation of the original system
Explain the role of energy expenditure in driving processes needed to maintain living systems
Energy expenditure is needed to keep biological systems operating
-Chemical bonds formed/breaking requires/makes energy
-Schemes needed for capturing, storing, retrieving chemical energy
-Info directs homeostasis
Protein monomers and polymers
a- amino acids
proteins or polypeptide chains
Protein principles
linear sequence
higher order structure by folding
AA can be joined via peptide bond (c group to a group)
a protein contains
A carboxyl group (acidic)
A amino group (basic)
A side chain ®
Nucleic acid monomer and polymer
M = nucleotides
P = phosphodiester-linked chains of nucleotides
Nucleosides contain
Nitrogenous base
Sugar ribose (or deoxyribose in DNA)
nucleotides contain
Nitrogenous base
Sugar ribose (or deoxyribose in DNA)
Phosphate group
Nucleotide polymers are made by….
Polymers are made by phosphate groups connecting to ribose group of another (phosphodiester bond)
Bases on adjacent chains of nucleic acid polymers can interact via hydrogen bonding (A/T and C/G)
Forms double helix
Lipid monomers and polymers?
tricked there is none for this exam ya goon
Lipid principles
Hydrophobic and poor solubility
Fatty acids, steroids, phospholipids
Make up phospholipid bilayer
-Polar hydrophobic head gives it unique permeability
carbohydrates monomers and polymers?
Monomers = monosaccharides (sugars)
Polymers = di/oli/ polysaccharides
Similarities between biomolecules
definable monomers and polymers
functional capabilities
Differ in:
structure and chemical properties
Shared features of animal cells (6)
Structure enclosed by lipid bilayer membrane
Contains subcellular structures to perform functions
-Organelles
-Gives cell autonomy
Ability to pay attention to environment, change behavior, and respond
Manage energy (generate and use)
Have relationship with surroundings
Store information
Differences between animal cells ?
Function, size, shape, polarity, responsiveness, replication capacity
Mitochondria overview (4)
Site of energy metabolism
1 um in size (big as bacteria!!)
Contains inner complex with enzyme systems for creating ATP (Via krebs cycle and phosphorylation)
Contain their own DNA for mitochondrial proteins
Nucleus overview (5)
Information storage and retrieval
Contains chromatin (DNA)
Membrane bound
Nuclear envelope= has pores, and outer membrane connects to rough ER
Organized by cytoskeletal proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum overview (3)
network of tube-like structures
has ribosomes attaches
produce and modify proteins for the rest of the cell to function
Ribosomes overview (6)
Site of protein synthesis
Not a true organelle, but distinct
Made of specialized RNA and protein molecules
Site for translation
Attached to rough ER for synthesis of secreted/cell-surface proteins
Polyribosomes - secrete inside cell
Golgi apparatus (4)
Protein sorting, modification, export
Receives vesicles from ER with new proteins bound for export (outside/membrane)
Can add additional chains or complexes
Movement is regulated and requires ATP
Proteasomes overview (4)
Degradation of bad proteins
Degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by hydrolysis of peptide bonds
Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation
Is essential for cell cycle and regulation of gene expression
Lysosomes overview (4)
Degradation of internal and ingested material
Fuse with vesicles formed by endocytosis or phagocytosis
Contains acidic environment and degradative enzymes
Role in defense and disposing organelles
Plasma membrane overview (6)
Defines cell boundary
Lipid bilayer (Polar ends facing out)
Forms solubility permeability barrier
Establishes concentration gradients
Site for sensors (receptors)
Selective entry
Lipid bilayer
Made of polar phospholipids
Hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside
Has receptor/sensor proteins
Simple diffusion
Passive dissolution through membrane, dependent on solubility, charge, size, and concentration gradients
facilitated transport
Aided by transporter protein, but still concentration gradient dependent
Primary active transport
ATP hydrolysis occurs during transport event
Active transport overview
relies on ATP
2 types (primary and secondary)
An Antiporter facilitates the movement of the two materials in opposite directions
A Symporter facilitates the movement of the materials in the same direction
Secondary active transport
Happens after primary, caused by restoring gradient balance
Primary must happen first
