Cell Function 2

Question 1

Scientific method

Answer 1

Observation (and previous knowledge)
Hypothesis
Experiment
Observation of the original system

Question 2

Explain the role of energy expenditure in driving processes needed to maintain living systems

Answer 2

Energy expenditure is needed to keep biological systems operating

-Chemical bonds formed/breaking requires/makes energy
-Schemes needed for capturing, storing, retrieving chemical energy
-Info directs homeostasis

Question 3

Protein monomers and polymers

Answer 3

a- amino acids

proteins or polypeptide chains

Question 4

Protein principles

Answer 4

linear sequence

higher order structure by folding

AA can be joined via peptide bond (c group to a group)

Question 5

a protein contains

Answer 5

A carboxyl group (acidic)
A amino group (basic)
A side chain ®

Question 6

Nucleic acid monomer and polymer

Answer 6

M = nucleotides
P = phosphodiester-linked chains of nucleotides

Question 7

Nucleosides contain

Answer 7

Nitrogenous base
Sugar ribose (or deoxyribose in DNA)

Question 8

nucleotides contain

Answer 8

Nitrogenous base
Sugar ribose (or deoxyribose in DNA)
Phosphate group

Question 9

Nucleotide polymers are made by….

Answer 9

Polymers are made by phosphate groups connecting to ribose group of another (phosphodiester bond)

Bases on adjacent chains of nucleic acid polymers can interact via hydrogen bonding (A/T and C/G)

Forms double helix

Question 10

Lipid monomers and polymers?

Answer 10

tricked there is none for this exam ya goon

Question 11

Lipid principles

Answer 11

Hydrophobic and poor solubility

Fatty acids, steroids, phospholipids

Make up phospholipid bilayer
-Polar hydrophobic head gives it unique permeability

Question 12

carbohydrates monomers and polymers?

Answer 12

Monomers = monosaccharides (sugars)
Polymers = di/oli/ polysaccharides

Question 13

Similarities between biomolecules

Answer 13

definable monomers and polymers

functional capabilities

Differ in:
structure and chemical properties

Question 14

Shared features of animal cells (6)

Answer 14

Structure enclosed by lipid bilayer membrane

Contains subcellular structures to perform functions
-Organelles
-Gives cell autonomy
Ability to pay attention to environment, change behavior, and respond

Manage energy (generate and use)

Have relationship with surroundings

Store information

Question 15

Differences between animal cells ?

Answer 15

Function, size, shape, polarity, responsiveness, replication capacity

Question 16

Mitochondria overview (4)

Answer 16

Site of energy metabolism

1 um in size (big as bacteria!!)

Contains inner complex with enzyme systems for creating ATP (Via krebs cycle and phosphorylation)

Contain their own DNA for mitochondrial proteins

Question 17

Nucleus overview (5)

Answer 17

Information storage and retrieval

Contains chromatin (DNA)

Membrane bound

Nuclear envelope= has pores, and outer membrane connects to rough ER

Organized by cytoskeletal proteins

Question 18

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum overview (3)

Answer 18

network of tube-like structures

has ribosomes attaches

produce and modify proteins for the rest of the cell to function

Question 19

Ribosomes overview (6)

Answer 19

Site of protein synthesis

Not a true organelle, but distinct

Made of specialized RNA and protein molecules

Site for translation

Attached to rough ER for synthesis of secreted/cell-surface proteins

Polyribosomes - secrete inside cell

Question 20

Golgi apparatus (4)

Answer 20

Protein sorting, modification, export

Receives vesicles from ER with new proteins bound for export (outside/membrane)

Can add additional chains or complexes

Movement is regulated and requires ATP

Question 21

Proteasomes overview (4)

Answer 21

Degradation of bad proteins

Degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by hydrolysis of peptide bonds

Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation

Is essential for cell cycle and regulation of gene expression

Question 22

Lysosomes overview (4)

Answer 22

Degradation of internal and ingested material

Fuse with vesicles formed by endocytosis or phagocytosis

Contains acidic environment and degradative enzymes

Role in defense and disposing organelles

Question 23

Plasma membrane overview (6)

Answer 23

Defines cell boundary

Lipid bilayer (Polar ends facing out)

Forms solubility permeability barrier

Establishes concentration gradients

Site for sensors (receptors)

Selective entry

Question 24

Lipid bilayer

Answer 24

Made of polar phospholipids

Hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside
Has receptor/sensor proteins

Question 25

Simple diffusion

Answer 25

Passive dissolution through membrane, dependent on solubility, charge, size, and concentration gradients

Question 26

facilitated transport

Answer 26

Aided by transporter protein, but still concentration gradient dependent

Question 27

Primary active transport

Answer 27

ATP hydrolysis occurs during transport event

Question 28

Active transport overview

Answer 28

relies on ATP
2 types (primary and secondary)

An Antiporter facilitates the movement of the two materials in opposite directions

A Symporter facilitates the movement of the materials in the same direction

Question 29

Secondary active transport

Answer 29

Happens after primary, caused by restoring gradient balance

Primary must happen first