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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory corpuscles: describe free nerve endings.

A

Has C fibers (slow) and A-delta fibers (fast, myelinated). In all skin, epidermis, and some viscera. Senses pain and temp.

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2
Q

Sensory corpuscles: describe Meissner corpuscles.

A

Large, myelinated fibers that adapt quickly. Found in glabrous (hairless) skin. Sense dynamic, fine/light touch and position sense.

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3
Q

Sensory corpuscles: describe Pacinian corpuscles.

A

Large, myelinated fibers that adapt quickly. Found in deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints. Senses vibration and pressure.

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4
Q

Sensory corpuscles: describe Merkel discs.

A

Large, myelinated fibers that adapt slowly. Found in basal epidermal layer and hair follicles. Sense pressure, deep static touch (shapes, edges), ad position sense.

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5
Q

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Hunger. Inhibited by Leptin. Lesion leads to anorexia.

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6
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A

Satiety. Stimulated by lectin. Lesion leads to hyperphagia.

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7
Q

What is the function of the anterior hypothalamus?

A

Cooling, parasympathetic. (Think “A/C”)

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8
Q

What is the function of the posterior hypothalamus?

A

Heating, sympathetic

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9
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Circadian rhythm.

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10
Q

Lesion for hemiballismus?

A

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus (lacunar stroke common)

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11
Q

Lesion for chorea?

A

basal ganglia

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12
Q

Lesion for athetosis?

A

Basal ganglia (slow, writhing movements, esp fingers)

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13
Q

When is it common to see myoclonus?

A

Metabolic abnormalities - such as renal or liver failure

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14
Q

Lesion for intention tremor?

A

Cerebellar dysfunction

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15
Q

C2 dermatome

A

Back of skull (“cap”)

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16
Q

C3 dermatome

A

High turtleneck shirt

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17
Q

C4 dermatome

A

Low-collar shirt

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18
Q

T4 dermatome

A

Nipple

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19
Q

T7 dermatome

A

Xiphoid process

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20
Q

T10 dermatome

A

Umbilicus

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21
Q

L1 dermatome

A

Inguinal ligament

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22
Q

L4 dermatome

A

Kneecaps

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23
Q

S2, S3, S4 dermatome

A

Erection and sensation of penile and anal zones

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24
Q

Reflex: Biceps

A

C5,6 (C5 nerve root)

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25
Q

Reflex: Triceps

A

C7,8 (C7 nerve root)

26
Q

Reflex: Patella

A

L3,4 (L4 nerve root)

27
Q

Reflex: Achilles

A

S1,2 (S1 nerve root)

28
Q

Reflex: Cremaster

A

L1,2 “testicles move”

29
Q

Relfex: Anal wink

A

S3,4 “winks galore”

30
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

Abduct/extend limbs when startles, then draw together

31
Q

What is the Rooting reflex?

A

Nipple seeking –> move head toward one side if cheek or mouth is stroked

32
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A

Sucking when roof of mouth is touched

33
Q

What is the palmar reflex?

A

Curling of fingers is palm is stroked

34
Q

What is the Galant reflex?

A

Stroking of one side of spine while infant is in ventral suspension causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side.

35
Q

What are the corneal reflex nerves?

A

Afferent: V1 (opthalmic).
Efferent: VII

36
Q

What are the lacrimation reflex nerves?

A

Afferent: V1 (opthalmic).
Efferent: VII

37
Q

What are the jaw jerk reflex nerves?

A

Afferent: V3 (muscle spindle from masseter).
Efferent: V3 (motor portion)

38
Q

What are the pupillary reflex nerves?

A

Afferent: II
Efferent: III

39
Q

What are the gag reflex nerves?

A

Afferent: IX
Efferent: X

40
Q

What nerves have input to the solitary nucleus?

A

Sensory: VII, IX, X

41
Q

What nerves are innervated by the nucleus ambiguus?

A

Motor: IX, X, XI

42
Q

What nerves get input from the dorsal motor nucleus?

A

Autonomic output of Vagus

43
Q

What goes through cribriform plate?

A

CN I

44
Q

What goes through Optic canal?

A

CN II, opthalmic artery, central retinal vein

45
Q

What goes through the Superior Orbital Fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers

46
Q

What goes through the Foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2

47
Q

What goes through the Foramen Ovale?

A

CN V3

48
Q

What goes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

49
Q

What goes through the Internal Auditory Meatus?

A

CN VII, VIII

50
Q

What goes through the Jugular Foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein

51
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII

52
Q

What goes through the Foramen Magnum?

A

Spinal roots of CN XI, brainstem, vertebral arteries

53
Q

Which Alzheimer’s genes are on which chromosomes?

A

Early Onset: APP (21), Presenilin 1 (14), Presenilin 2 (1)

Late Onset: ApoE4 (19)

54
Q

Chromosome # associated with NF 1:

A

Chromosome 17

55
Q

Chromosome # associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease:

A

Chromosome 3

56
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimer’s:

A

low ACh

57
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Anxiety:

A

High NE

Low GABA, Low 5-HT

58
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Depression:

A

Low NE, 5-HT, and DA

59
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Huntington disease:

A

Low GABA, Low ACh

High DA

60
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson disease:

A

Low DA

High 5-HT, High ACh

61
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in Schizophrenia:

A

High DA

Step 1 (17 decks)

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