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Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

What does thymus come from embryologically?

A

Epithelium of 3rd pharyngeal pouch

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2
Q

What cytokines enhance NK activity

A

IL-2, IL-12, IFN-B, and IFN-a

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3
Q

What part of NK cells binds Fc region of bound Ig to activate cell?

A

CD16

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4
Q

What cytokine triggers Th1 cell differentiation?

A

IL-12

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5
Q

What cytokine triggers Th2 cell differentiation?

A

IL-4

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6
Q

What cytokine triggers Th17 cell differentiation?

A

TGF-B and IL-6

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7
Q

What cytokine triggers Treg cell differentiation?

A

TGF-B

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8
Q

Costimulatory signals for naive T cell activation?

A

B7 with CD28 (CD28 on T cell)

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9
Q

Costimulatory signals for naive B cell activation?

A

CD40L with CD40 (CD40 on B cell, CD40L on T cell)

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10
Q

What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete?

A

IFN-gamma –> activate macrophages and CTLs

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11
Q

What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete?

A

IL-4, Il-5, IL-6, IL-13 –> recurit eosinophils and promote IgE in B cells

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12
Q

What cytokines inhibit Th1 cells?

A

IL-4 and Il-10

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13
Q

What cytokines inhibit Th2 cells?

A

IFN-gamma

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14
Q

What are the cell surface markers for T-Reg cells?

A

CD3, CD4, CD25 (a-chain of IL-2R), and FOXP3 transcription factor

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15
Q

What is C-reactive protein?

A

An acute phase reactant that acts as an opsonin to fix complement and facilitate phagocytosis.

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16
Q

What is hepcidin?

A

An acute phase reactant that prevents release of iron bound by ferritin

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17
Q

Waht triggers the classic pathway for complement?

A

IgG or IgM

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18
Q

What triggers the alternative complement pathway?

A

Microbe surface molecules

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19
Q

What triggers the Lecithin complement pathway?

A

Mannose or other sugars on microbe surface`

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20
Q

What are the two primary opsonins in bacterial defense?

A

C3b and IgG

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21
Q

What keeps complement from activating on RBCs?

A

DAF (CD55) and C1 esterase inhibitor

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22
Q

Complement disorders: C1 esterase inhibitor

A

Causes hereditary angioedema. ACE inhibitors contraindicated

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23
Q

Complement disorders: C3 deficiency:

A

Increased risk pyogenic and respiratory tract infections. Increased susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions.

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24
Q

Complement disorders: C5-C9

A

Susceptibility to Neisseria

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25
Complement disorders: DAF deficiency (GPI anchored enzyme)
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria --> complement lysis of RBCs
26
Cytokines: IL-1
Macrophages - fever, acute inflammation, activates endothelium, recruit leukocyes, activates osteoclasts
27
Cytokines: IL-6
Macrophages and Th2 - fever and production of acute-phase proteins
28
Cytokines: IL-8
Macrophages - major chemotactic factor for neutrophils
29
Cytokines: IL-12
Macrophages and B cells - induce differentiation to Th1 cells, activate NK cells.
30
Cytokines: TNF-alpha
Macrophages - mediate septic shock, activates endothelium, leukocyte recruitment, vascular leak
31
Cytokines: IL-2
T cells - stimulates T cell growth
32
Cytokines: IL-3
T cells - Growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Funcitons like GM-CSF
33
Cytokines: IFN-gamma
Th1 cells - Antiviral and antitumor properties, activates NK cells, increase MHC expression and antigen presentation in all cells
34
Cytokines: IL-4
Th2 cells - induce differentiation into Th2 cells, promotes B cell growth, class switching to IgE and IgG.
35
Cytokines: IL-5
Th2 cells - Differentiation of B cells, class switching to IgA, growth and differentiation of eosinophils
36
Cytokines: IL-10
Th2 cells - Modualtes inflammatory response, inhibits activated T cells and Th1. Also secreted by Treg cells. (similarities to TGF-B)
37
What is RNAase L
Degrades viral/host mRNA in a virlaly infected cell that was "primed" by interferon
38
What are T cell surface proteins?
TCR, CD3, CD28 (binds B7)
39
What are B cell surface proteins?
Ig, CD19, CD20, CD21 (for EBV), CD40, MHC II, B7
40
What are macrophage surface proteins?
CD14, CD40, MHC II, B7, Fc and C3b receptors
41
Waht are NK cell surface proteins?
CD16 (bind Fc of Ig), CD56
42
What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Sabin polio, intranasal influenza, varicella, yellow fever
43
What are examples of killed vaccines?
Cholera, Hep A, Salk polio, injected influenza, rabies
44
What is Type I hypersensitivity?
Immediate - antibody-mediated
45
What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic (antibody-mediated) --> Coombs test, NK cells or mavrophages
46
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex (antigen-Ab-complement) --> serum sickness, arthus reaction
47
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed T-cell response
48
What gene is mutated in X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
BTK - Bruton's tyrosine kinase
49
What is the most common primary immunodeficiency?
Selective IgA deficiency - show anaphylaxis to IgA-containing products
50
What is the underlying abnormality in CVID?
Defect in B cell differentiation - can be acquired in 20s and 30s. decrease in plasma cells and Ig. Increased risk of AI disease, bronchiectasis, lymphoma, and sinopulmonary infections.
51
What happens in IL-12 receptor deficiency?
Decreased Th1 response. Disseminated mycobacterial and fungal infections, can present after BCG vaccine. Autosomal recessive
52
What is Job syndrome?
Autosomal dominant Hyper-IgE. Deficiency of Th17 cells from STAT3 mutation --> impaired recruitment of neutrophils to sites of infection. High IgE, low IFN-gamma. FATED: coarse Facies, Abscesses, retained primary Teeth, igE, Dermatologic problems.
53
What is the underlying problem in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?
T-cell dysfunction - get noninvasive candidal infection of skin and mucosa.
54
What is Ataxia-telangiectasia?
Defects in ATM gene --> DNA ds breaks --> cell cycle arrest. Triad: cerebellar defects, spider angiomas, IgA deficiency. Increased AFP, decreased IgA, IgG, and IgE.
55
What is Hyper-IgM?
Defective CD40L - class switching defect, X-linked recessive. Severe pyogenic infections, opportunistic infections.
56
What is Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome?
Mutation in WAS gene - T cells unable to reorganize actin cytoskeleton. X-linked recessive. WATER: Wiskott-Aldrich, Thrombocytopenic purpura, Eczmea, Recurrent Infection. Increased AI Dz risk. High IgE and IgA. Fewer and smaller platelets.
57
What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency (type 1)?
Defect in LFA-1 integrin (CD18 protein on phagocytes) --> impaired migration and chemotaxis. autosomal recessive. Delayed wound healing, no pus formation, increased neutrophil count in blood, but not at wound site.
58
What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Defect in lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST)--> mictrotubule dysfunction in phagosome-lysosome fusion. autosomal recessive. Recurrent pyogenic infectinos, albinism, neurodegeneration. Giant granules in neutrophils and platelets. Pancytopenia. Mild coag defects.
59
What is chronic granulomatous disease?
Defect in NADPH oxidase --> no respiratory bursts in neutrophils. X-linked recessive. Susceptibility to catalase + bugs (PLACESSS). Abnormal dihydrorhodamine test. Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test is negative.
60
What is the CD name for Fas?
CD95

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