Biochem Flashcards
Rate-limiting enzyme: Glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Regulators: Glycolysis
+: AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
-: ATP, citrate
Rate-limiting enzyme: Gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Regulators: Gluconeogenesis
+: ATP, acetyl-CoA
-: AMP, fructose-2,6- bisphosphate
Rate-limiting enzyme: TCA cycle
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Regulators: TCA cycle
+: ADP
-: ATP, NADH
Rate-limiting enzyme: Glycogenesis
Glycogen synthase
Regulators: Glycogenesis
+: Glucose-6-phosphate, insulin, cortisol
-: Epinephrine, glucagon
Rate-limiting enzyme: Glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
Regulators: Glycogenolysis
+: Epinephrine, glucagon, AMP
-: Glucose-6-phosphate, insulin, ATP
Rate-limiting enzyme: HMP shunt
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Regulators: HMP shunt
+: NADP+
-: NADPH
Rate-limiting enzyme: De novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Rate-limiting enzyme: De novo purine synthesis
Glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase
Regulators: De novo purine synthesis
-: AMP, IMP (inosine monophosphate), GMP
Rate-limiting enzyme: Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Regulators: Urea cycle
+: N-acetylglutamate
Rate-limiting enzyme: Fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Regulators: Fatty acid synthesis
+: insulin, citrate
Rate-limiting enzyme: Fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Regulators: Fatty acid oxidation
-: Malonyl-CoA
Rate-limiting enzyme: Ketogenesis
HMG-CoA synthase
Rate-limiting enzyme: Cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase
Regualtors: Cholesterol synthesis
+: Insulin, thyroxine
-: Glucagon, cholesterol
