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Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What are the supportive cells of the nervous system called?

A

Glial cells

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3
Q

There are two primary structural divisions of the nervous system. What are they?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

The CNS consists of the ______________ and _______________ and acts as the “command center” of the body

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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5
Q

The PNS consists of nerves conducting impulses to and from the CNS and are composed largely of ________________, small groups of nervous directly outside the CNS

A

Ganglia

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6
Q

The ________________ nervous system has both CNS and PNS components and processes inputs from the skin, fascia, joints, and muscle into ______________ movement

A

Sensory

Voluntary

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7
Q

The _________________ nervous system - in addition to its somatic component - also contains a __________________, which consists of input from the stomach and intestines

A

Somatic

Visceral

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8
Q

What’s the major neurotransmitter of the somatic nervous system?

A

Aceytlcholine

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9
Q

The ________________ nervous system has CNS and PNS components, too, of which its ______________ functions include the voluntary control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

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10
Q

In the __________________ component of the _____________ nervous system, the involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the glands can be further subdivided into the __________________ and ______________ nervous systems

A

Autonomic

Motor

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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11
Q

In the ___________________ response, the body is “resting and digesting.” In the _________________ response, the body is “fighting, flighting, or freezing.”

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for light activity and sleeping?

A

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the sympathetic nervous response?

A

Epinephrine

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14
Q

From what embryonic layer does nervous tissue develo?

A

Ectoderm

External layer

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15
Q

What part of the early embryo gives rise to the CNS?

A

Neural tube

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16
Q

What part of the early embryo becomes the PNS?

A

Neural crest cells that migrate and differentiate

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17
Q

What is the process of nervous tissue development called in the early embryo?

A

Neurulation

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18
Q

There are four overarching steps to neurulation:

  1. ) Neural folds and neural ____________________ form from the neural plate
  2. ) Neural folds elevate and approach one another
  3. ) As neural folds prepare to fuse and form the neural _______________ and dorsal epidermis, neural crest cells loosen and become _____________________
  4. ) The mass of neural crest cells initially lies atop the newly formed neural ________________________
A

Neural crest cells

Neural tube

Mesenchymal

Neural tube

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19
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells.

Neurons have __________ processes while glial cells have _____________ processes. Glial cells support and protect neurons and participate in neural activity, neural nutrition, and defense

A

Long processes

Short processes

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20
Q

____________________________ cells are the structural and functional unit of nervous tissue. They are distinct cellular entites with processes that are __________________ with other cells, and they have four regions: _________________, ________________, _________________, and ____________________. They have the property of electrical conduction

A

Neuronal cells

Contiguous

Dendrite, cell body, axon, synpase

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21
Q

The intercellular connection between individual neurons is called the ______________________

A

Synpase

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22
Q

What part of the neuron is described?

Contains a slightly ovoid, euchromatic nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm due to its rought ER, numerous Golgi, abudant mitochondria, and actin cytoskeleton

Functions as the tropic center, synthesizing neurotransmitters or precursors

Receives nerve endings that convey excitatory or inhibitory stimulated genearted in other nerve cells

A

Soma or cell body

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23
Q

What color is the cytoplasm of the neuron’s soma or cell body?

A

Purple

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24
Q

Why does the cytoplasm of neurons stain purple?

A

Because its basophilic due to the abundant rought ER, Golgi, and mitochondria

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25
Q

In the soma of neurons, ________________________ can be found, which are large granular bodies found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis

A

Nissl bodies

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26
Q

Identify the cell type and organ

A

Neuron

Nissl bodies

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27
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

Large granular of rough ER with free ribosomes in the soma of neurons

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28
Q

How does slow axonal occur?

A

Cytoskeletal elements

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29
Q

How do fast axonal transport occur?

A

Membrane-bound organelles

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30
Q

_____________________ _________________________ are small membranous protrusions of dendrites that typically recieve input from a single synapse

A

Dendritic spines

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31
Q

The axon originates at the __________________________ and terminates at the _____________________

A

Axon hillock

Synapse

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32
Q

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the ___________________

A

Axolemma

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33
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

On the number of processes extending from the cell body

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34
Q

___________________ neurons have one axon and two or more dendrites

A

Multipolar

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35
Q

__________________ neurons have one axon and one dendrite, often function in sensing sight, smell, and balance

A

Bipolar

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36
Q

_____________________ neurons have a single process that bifurcates near the cell body and are found in spinal nerves and most cranial ganglia

A

Pseudo-unipolar

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37
Q

There are three types of neurons based on function. What are they?

A

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

Interneuron

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38
Q

_________________ or afferent neurons convey information from receptors to the central nervous system

A

Sensory

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39
Q

________________ or efferent neurons convey information from the central nervous system to effector cells

A

Motor

40
Q

_____________________ establish relationships among other neurons and form complex networks

A

Interneurons

41
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, all axons have _____________________, which provide structural and metabolic support

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

Small diameter axons of the PNS are _________________________ and are protected by the cytoplasm of Schwann cells while large diameter axons are wrapped by concentric layers of Schwann cells forming a _______________ _________________

A

Non-myelinated

Myelin sheath

43
Q

CNS nerve fiber myelination is similar to that of the PNS except that instead of Schwann cells the CNS has ____________________

A

Oligodendrocytes

44
Q

_____________________ is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials

A

Saltatory conduction

45
Q

Conduction in all nerve fibers depends on the _________________ and ________________ of the axon

A

Diameter

Myelination

46
Q

There are two primary glial or support cells of the PNS. What are they?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

47
Q

_______________ cells are found only in the PNS and interact with axons and allow for myelination

A

Schwann cells

48
Q

In the PNS, __________________ cells form a cover over large neuronal cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

49
Q

Each peripheral nerve fiber is surrounded by Schwann cells and a loose vascular supporting connective tissue called the _____________________

A

Endonerium

50
Q

Each fascile of the PNS is surrounded by collagenous tissue with a layer of flat epithelial cells call the ___________________

A

Perineurium

51
Q

Peripheral nerves with more than one fascile have a layer of loose collagenous tissue that holds fasicles together called the ______________________

A

Epineurium

52
Q

Are all nerves in the PNS myelinated?

A

NO

53
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Nerve cell clusters that are located in the autonomic nervous system

54
Q

The ______________________ or ___________________ ganglia is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in a posterior root of a spinal nerve

A

Spinal or dorsal root ganglia

55
Q

_____________________ ganglia deliver information to the body about stress and danger and are located close to either side of the spinal cord

A

Sympathethic

56
Q

___________________ ganglia are small terminal ganglia that lie near the organs they innervate

A

Parasympathetic

57
Q

___________________ receptors convert environmental stimuli into afferent nerve impulses

A

Sensory

58
Q

__________________: orientation, skeletal position, muscle/tendon movement

A

Proprioception

59
Q

__________________: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, smell, taste, sight, sound

A

Exteroreceptors

60
Q

___________________ sense pressure

A

Baroreceptors

61
Q

___________________ sense distention

A

Interoreceptors

62
Q

What corpuscle is sensitive to mechanical stimular and light touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

63
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle is located in the dermis and concentrated in _____________, _________________ skin

A

Thick

Hairless

64
Q

_____________________ corpuscle is sensitive to vibration and pressure, responding to sudden disturbances

A

Pacinian corpuscle

65
Q

Groups of ______________________ corpuscles respond to pressure changes and result in the grasp or release of an object

A

Pacinian

66
Q

The entire ___________________ corpuscle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue

A

Pacinian

67
Q

What are the three principle structures of the CNS?

A

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

68
Q

The CNS has regions of differential myelin distribution. _____________ matter contains myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes but no cell bodies; _____________ matter contains cell bodies

A

White matter

Grey matter

69
Q

White matter contains ____________________ and _______________

A

Myelinated axons

Oligodendrocytes

70
Q

_____________ matter contains cell bodies of the CNS neurons

A

Gray matter

71
Q

White matter consists mainly of nerve fivers. Neuronal cell bodies, _____________________, and abudant cell processes predominate in the _____________ matter

A

Astrocytes

Grey matter

72
Q

___________________ refers to a dense network of fivers from processes of both neurons and glial cells to fill the interneuronal space

A

Neurophil

73
Q

Is there connective tissue or an extracellular matrix in nervous tissue?

A

No

74
Q

What cells are 10 times more abudant in the brain than neurons?

A

Glial cells

75
Q

There are __________ kinds of glial cells

A

Six

76
Q

_____________________ produce the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

77
Q

__________________ are unique to the CNS and are important for proper formation of the CNS during embryonic and fetal development; they are the most numerous glial cell and can be found in grey matter

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

________________ ______________ are low columnar or cuboidal cells that are often ciliated and line the ventricles of the brain, central canal, and spinal cord; in some locations, they faciliate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

79
Q

__________________ are less numerous than other glial cells are are small with irregular processes; they originate from blood monocytes, not the neural tube, and they mirgate through neuropil to analyze tissue for damage and invaders

A

Microglia

80
Q

What glial cell constitutes the major mechanism of immune response in the CNS?

A

Microglia

81
Q

____________ ________________ and ___________ _______________ are glial cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

82
Q

CNS tissue lacks proper collagenous supporting tissue and thus the basic arrangement of ___________ and ________ ______________ is consistent throughout the brain

A

Grey matter

White matter

83
Q

Grey matter neurons have large nuclei with prominent ______________________

A

Nuceloli

84
Q

White matter cells are often found in ________________

A

Tracts

85
Q

The ________________ is the gray matter over the surface of the brain

A

Cortex

86
Q

The crests of folds of the brain are called _________________

A

Gyri

87
Q

Clefts between folds of the brain are ________________

A

Sulci

88
Q

There are six layers recognized in the _______________ ___________________

A

Cerebral cortex

89
Q

In the cerebral cortex, most neurons are arranged vertically and function in the integration of sensory information and the initiation of voluntary motor responses; however, the most abudant neurons are the efferent ___________________ ____________________

A

Pyramidal neurons

90
Q

The ____________________ ____________________ coordinates muscle activity throughout the body

A

Cerebellar cortex

91
Q

The cerebellar cortex has three layers: the outer molecular layer, a central layer of ____________________, and an inner ______________ layer

A

Neurons

Granule

92
Q

At the interface between the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellar cortex is a single layer of very large neuronal cells bodies of unique __________________ cells whose axons pass through the granular layer to join tracts in the medulla and whose dendrites ramify throughout the molecular layer

A

Purkinje cells

93
Q

The _______________ horns of the spinal cord contain motor neurons whose axons make up the ventral roots of spinal nerves

A

Anterior

94
Q

The _________________ horns of the spinal cord receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal ganglia or dorsal roots

A

Poster

95
Q

The _______________ __________________ of the spinal cord develops from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube and is lined by ependymal cells

A

Central canal

Histology (18 decks)

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