Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What are the supportive cells of the nervous system called?

A

Glial cells

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3
Q

There are two primary structural divisions of the nervous system. What are they?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

The CNS consists of the ______________ and _______________ and acts as the “command center” of the body

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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5
Q

The PNS consists of nerves conducting impulses to and from the CNS and are composed largely of ________________, small groups of nervous directly outside the CNS

A

Ganglia

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6
Q

The ________________ nervous system has both CNS and PNS components and processes inputs from the skin, fascia, joints, and muscle into ______________ movement

A

Sensory

Voluntary

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7
Q

The _________________ nervous system - in addition to its somatic component - also contains a __________________, which consists of input from the stomach and intestines

A

Somatic

Visceral

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8
Q

What’s the major neurotransmitter of the somatic nervous system?

A

Aceytlcholine

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9
Q

The ________________ nervous system has CNS and PNS components, too, of which its ______________ functions include the voluntary control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

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10
Q

In the __________________ component of the _____________ nervous system, the involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the glands can be further subdivided into the __________________ and ______________ nervous systems

A

Autonomic

Motor

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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11
Q

In the ___________________ response, the body is “resting and digesting.” In the _________________ response, the body is “fighting, flighting, or freezing.”

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for light activity and sleeping?

A

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the sympathetic nervous response?

A

Epinephrine

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14
Q

From what embryonic layer does nervous tissue develo?

A

Ectoderm

External layer

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15
Q

What part of the early embryo gives rise to the CNS?

A

Neural tube

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16
Q

What part of the early embryo becomes the PNS?

A

Neural crest cells that migrate and differentiate

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17
Q

What is the process of nervous tissue development called in the early embryo?

A

Neurulation

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18
Q

There are four overarching steps to neurulation:

  1. ) Neural folds and neural ____________________ form from the neural plate
  2. ) Neural folds elevate and approach one another
  3. ) As neural folds prepare to fuse and form the neural _______________ and dorsal epidermis, neural crest cells loosen and become _____________________
  4. ) The mass of neural crest cells initially lies atop the newly formed neural ________________________
A

Neural crest cells

Neural tube

Mesenchymal

Neural tube

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19
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells.

Neurons have __________ processes while glial cells have _____________ processes. Glial cells support and protect neurons and participate in neural activity, neural nutrition, and defense

A

Long processes

Short processes

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20
Q

____________________________ cells are the structural and functional unit of nervous tissue. They are distinct cellular entites with processes that are __________________ with other cells, and they have four regions: _________________, ________________, _________________, and ____________________. They have the property of electrical conduction

A

Neuronal cells

Contiguous

Dendrite, cell body, axon, synpase

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21
Q

The intercellular connection between individual neurons is called the ______________________

A

Synpase

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22
Q

What part of the neuron is described?

Contains a slightly ovoid, euchromatic nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm due to its rought ER, numerous Golgi, abudant mitochondria, and actin cytoskeleton

Functions as the tropic center, synthesizing neurotransmitters or precursors

Receives nerve endings that convey excitatory or inhibitory stimulated genearted in other nerve cells

A

Soma or cell body

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23
Q

What color is the cytoplasm of the neuron’s soma or cell body?

A

Purple

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24
Q

Why does the cytoplasm of neurons stain purple?

A

Because its basophilic due to the abundant rought ER, Golgi, and mitochondria

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25
In the soma of neurons, ________________________ can be found, which are large granular bodies found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis
Nissl bodies
26
Identify the cell type and organ
Neuron Nissl bodies
27
What are Nissl bodies?
Large granular of rough ER with free ribosomes in the soma of neurons
28
How does slow axonal occur?
Cytoskeletal elements
29
How do fast axonal transport occur?
Membrane-bound organelles
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________________________ are small membranous protrusions of dendrites that typically recieve input from a single synapse
Dendritic spines
31
The axon originates at the __________________________ and terminates at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Axon hillock Synapse
32
The plasma membrane of an axon is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Axolemma
33
How are neurons classified?
On the number of processes extending from the cell body
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons have one axon and two or more dendrites
Multipolar
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons have one axon and one dendrite, often function in sensing sight, smell, and balance
Bipolar
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons have a single process that bifurcates near the cell body and are found in spinal nerves and most cranial ganglia
Pseudo-unipolar
37
There are three types of neurons based on function. What are they?
Sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) Interneuron
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or afferent neurons convey information from receptors to the central nervous system
Sensory
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or efferent neurons convey information from the central nervous system to effector cells
Motor
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ establish relationships among other neurons and form complex networks
Interneurons
41
In the peripheral nervous system, all axons have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which provide structural and metabolic support
Schwann cells
42
Small diameter axons of the PNS are _________________________ and are protected by the cytoplasm of Schwann cells while large diameter axons are wrapped by concentric layers of Schwann cells forming a _______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Non-myelinated Myelin sheath
43
CNS nerve fiber myelination is similar to that of the PNS except that instead of Schwann cells the CNS has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Oligodendrocytes
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials
Saltatory conduction
45
Conduction in all nerve fibers depends on the _________________ and ________________ of the axon
Diameter Myelination
46
There are two primary glial or support cells of the PNS. What are they?
Schwann cells Satellite cells
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells are found only in the PNS and interact with axons and allow for myelination
Schwann cells
48
In the PNS, __________________ cells form a cover over large neuronal cell bodies
Satellite cells
49
Each peripheral nerve fiber is surrounded by Schwann cells and a loose vascular supporting connective tissue called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Endonerium
50
Each fascile of the PNS is surrounded by collagenous tissue with a layer of flat epithelial cells call the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Perineurium
51
Peripheral nerves with more than one fascile have a layer of loose collagenous tissue that holds fasicles together called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Epineurium
52
Are all nerves in the PNS myelinated?
NO
53
What are ganglia?
Nerve cell clusters that are located in the autonomic nervous system
54
The ______________________ or ___________________ ganglia is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in a posterior root of a spinal nerve
Spinal or dorsal root ganglia
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ganglia deliver information to the body about stress and danger and are located close to either side of the spinal cord
Sympathethic
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ganglia are small terminal ganglia that lie near the organs they innervate
Parasympathetic
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ receptors convert environmental stimuli into afferent nerve impulses
Sensory
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: orientation, skeletal position, muscle/tendon movement
Proprioception
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, smell, taste, sight, sound
Exteroreceptors
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sense pressure
Baroreceptors
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sense distention
Interoreceptors
62
What corpuscle is sensitive to mechanical stimular and light touch?
Meissner's corpuscle
63
Meissner's corpuscle is located in the dermis and concentrated in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _________________ skin
Thick Hairless
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ corpuscle is sensitive to vibration and pressure, responding to sudden disturbances
Pacinian corpuscle
65
Groups of ______________________ corpuscles respond to pressure changes and result in the grasp or release of an object
Pacinian
66
The entire ___________________ corpuscle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue
Pacinian
67
What are the three principle structures of the CNS?
Cerebrum Cerebellum Spinal cord
68
The CNS has regions of differential myelin distribution. _____________ matter contains myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes but no cell bodies; _____________ matter contains cell bodies
White matter Grey matter
69
White matter contains ____________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Myelinated axons Oligodendrocytes
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ matter contains cell bodies of the CNS neurons
Gray matter
71
White matter consists mainly of nerve fivers. Neuronal cell bodies, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and abudant cell processes predominate in the _____________ matter
Astrocytes Grey matter
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a dense network of fivers from processes of both neurons and glial cells to fill the interneuronal space
Neurophil
73
Is there connective tissue or an extracellular matrix in nervous tissue?
No
74
What cells are 10 times more abudant in the brain than neurons?
Glial cells
75
There are __________ kinds of glial cells
Six
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produce the myelin sheath in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are unique to the CNS and are important for proper formation of the CNS during embryonic and fetal development; they are the most numerous glial cell and can be found in grey matter
Astrocytes
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______________ are low columnar or cuboidal cells that are often ciliated and line the ventricles of the brain, central canal, and spinal cord; in some locations, they faciliate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are less numerous than other glial cells are are small with irregular processes; they originate from blood monocytes, not the neural tube, and they mirgate through neuropil to analyze tissue for damage and invaders
Microglia
80
What glial cell constitutes the major mechanism of immune response in the CNS?
Microglia
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________________ and ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are glial cells of the PNS
Schwann cells Satellite cells
82
CNS tissue lacks proper collagenous supporting tissue and thus the basic arrangement of ___________ and ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is consistent throughout the brain
Grey matter White matter
83
Grey matter neurons have large nuclei with prominent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nuceloli
84
White matter cells are often found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tracts
85
The ________________ is the gray matter over the surface of the brain
Cortex
86
The crests of folds of the brain are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Gyri
87
Clefts between folds of the brain are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Sulci
88
There are six layers recognized in the _______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cerebral cortex
89
In the cerebral cortex, most neurons are arranged vertically and function in the integration of sensory information and the initiation of voluntary motor responses; however, the most abudant neurons are the efferent ___________________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Pyramidal neurons
90
The ____________________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ coordinates muscle activity throughout the body
Cerebellar cortex
91
The cerebellar cortex has three layers: the outer molecular layer, a central layer of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and an inner ______________ layer
Neurons Granule
92
At the interface between the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellar cortex is a single layer of very large neuronal cells bodies of unique __________________ cells whose axons pass through the granular layer to join tracts in the medulla and whose dendrites ramify throughout the molecular layer
Purkinje cells
93
The _______________ horns of the spinal cord contain motor neurons whose axons make up the ventral roots of spinal nerves
Anterior
94
The _________________ horns of the spinal cord receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal ganglia or dorsal roots
Poster
95
The _______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the spinal cord develops from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube and is lined by ependymal cells
Central canal