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Histology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

______________________ is the main component of the adult skeleton

A

Bone

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2
Q

What are some functions of bone?

A

Support

Movement

Protection

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Bone is a type of what tissue?

A

Connective

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4
Q

There are two main components to bone. What are they?

A

ECM

Cells

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5
Q

The extracellular matrix of bone is _________________

A

Calcified

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6
Q

There are three types of bone cells. What are they?

A

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

Calcified bone matrix prevents the diffusion of metabolits, so specialized exchange spaces _____________________ allow for nutrient exchange between osteocytes and blood capillaries

A

Canaliculi

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8
Q

All bones are lined on internal and external surface by layers of CT containing ________________ cells

A

Osteogenic

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9
Q

The _____________________ is internal and surrounds the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

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10
Q

The ___________________ is external

A

Periosteum

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11
Q

The ________________ and ______________ are types of connective tissues that layer the surface of bones

A

Endosteum

Periosteum

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12
Q

__________________ are found in lacunae between bone

matrix layers (lamella) and have cytoplasmic processes in small canaliculi that extend into the matrix

A

Osteocytes

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13
Q

______________________ are growing cells that synthesize and secrete organic components of bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

____________________ are giant multi-nucleated cells involved in removing calcified bone matrix and bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

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15
Q

_______________________ originate from mesenchymal stem cells and when active are located at the surface of bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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16
Q

Active osteoblasts are found at the surface of the bone matrix, bound by _____________________, where they form a single layer of __________________ cells joined by adherent and gap junctions

A

Integrins

Cuboidal

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17
Q

Some inactive osteoblasts differentiate into ____________________ as they are entrapped in the matrix-bound lacunae while others flatten and cover the matrix as ________________________; the majority, however, undergo apoptosis

A

Osteocytes

Bone-lining cells

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18
Q

______________________ produce the organic components of the bone matrix and therefore contribute to appositional growth

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

Osteoblasts secrete type __ collagen, proteoglycans, and matricellular glycoproteins, like _____________________

A

Type I collagen

Osteonectin

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20
Q

___________________________ is a layer of unique collagen-rich material between the osteoblast layer and pre-existing bone surface

A

Osteoid

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21
Q

Some osteoblasts become surrounded by the material they secrete and differentiate as __________________ enclosed singly in _______________

A

Osteocytes

Lacunae

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22
Q

What’s the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintenance of the bony matrix

Upon death they are resorbed into the matrix

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23
Q

In the transition from osteoblasts to osteocytes, the cells extend many long _____________________________ surrounded by calcifying matrix

A

Cytoplasmic processes

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24
Q

An osteocyte and its processes occupy each _______________ and the ____________________ radiating from it

A

Lacuna

Canaliculi

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25
Q

________________________ are very large motile cells with multiple nuceli that are necessary for bone matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

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26
Q

What are osteoclasts large and multinucleated?

A

Because they derive from the fusion of bone marrow derived monocytes

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27
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

In areas of bone undergoing resorption; they lie in depression or crypts in the matrix called resorption bays

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28
Q

_________________________ is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release its minerals, resulting in the transfer of calcium from bone fluid to blood

A

Bone resorption

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29
Q

What are resorption bays?

A

Also called Howship lacunae, these are areas of bone undergoing resorption

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30
Q

Active osteoclasts have a ______________________, a domain of the membrane that contacts the bone and binds cells tightly to the bone matrix

A

Sealing membrane

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31
Q

The sealizing zone surrounds an area with many surface projections called the ______________________ of osteoclasts

A

Ruffle border

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32
Q

The sealing zone forms a specialized microenvironment between osteoclast and matrix where ____________________ are pumped to acidify the region and promote the breakdown of matrix proteins

A

Protons

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33
Q

Bone is __________ water and 50% of its dry weight is inorganic matter

A

25%

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34
Q

25% of bone is organic matter of which 99& is ____________________

A

Type I collagen

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35
Q

The remaining 1% of organic matter in bone is composed of small proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins known as ______________________ and calcium-binding proteins called ___________________

A

Osteonectin

Osteocalcin

36
Q

What are osteonectins?

A

Small proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins of the bone matrix

37
Q

What is osteocalcin?

A

A calcium-binding protein released from cells in bone matrix to promote calcification

38
Q

Why don’t other tissues rich in type I collagen calcify?

A

No osteocalcin

39
Q

The external and internal surfaces of bone are covered by layers of bone-forming cells and vascularized connective tissue. The ______________________ consists of dense fibrous outer layer of collagen bundles and fibroblasts while the marrow cavities are lined by ___________________, a single very thin layer of connective tissue that contains flattened osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

40
Q

What are the functions of periosteum and endosteum?

A

Nutrition of osseous tissue

Provision of continous supply of new osteoblasts for repair and growth of bone

41
Q

There are four bone classifications by shape. What are they?

A

Long bone

Short bone

Irregular bone

Flat bone

42
Q

Long bones can be divided into the ____________________ or ends and the _____________________ or middle

A

Epiphyses

Diaphysis

43
Q

The _____________________ are cancellous bone covered by thin layers of compart cortical

A

Epiphyses

44
Q

______________ bone is also known as cancellous bone

A

Spongy

45
Q

The _________________________ is composed of dense compact bone with a thin region of cancellous bone on the inner surface around the marrow cavity

A

Diaphysis

46
Q

_______________________ bones have cores of cancellous bone surrounded by compact bone

A

Short bones

47
Q

Short bones include the ____________________ of the wrists

A

Metacarpals

48
Q

____________________ bones are composed of two layers of compact bone called _________________ that are separated by a thicker layer of cancellous bone called the ________________

A

Flat bones

Plates

Diploe

49
Q

There are two primary types of bone: ____________________ or cortical bone and ___________________ or trabecular bone

A

Compact

Cancellous

50
Q

80% of total bone mass belongs to __________________ bone

A

Compact

51
Q

20% of total bone mass belongs to ____________ bone

A

Cancellous

52
Q

Compact bone is a dense area near the ______________ of bones while cancellous bone can be found __________________ with interconnecting cavities

A

Surface

Deeper

53
Q

Both compact and cancellous bone show two types of organization. What are they?

A

Woven bone

Lamellar bone

54
Q

________________ bone is developing with newly formed and random arrangement of components

A

Woven

55
Q

__________________ bone presents as a matrix with discrete sheets

A

Lamellar bone

56
Q

Primary or _______________ bone tissue is the first to appear in embryonic development and fracture repair; it is marked by a random disposition of fine collagen fibers and is temporary, later replaced by secondary bone tissue in adults

A

Woven

57
Q

Which has a lower mineral content? Woven or lamellar bone?

A

Woven

58
Q

Which has a higher proportion of osteocytes? Woven (primary) or lamellar (secondary)

A

Woven (primary)

59
Q

Lamellar or __________________ bone tissue is found in adults and contains multiple layers of calcified matrix that is highly organized, either parallel to each other or concentrically around a vascular canal

A

Secondary

60
Q

The __________________ is a concentric bony lamellae surrounding a small canal formerly known as a Haversian system

A

Osteon

61
Q

In secondary bone, lacunae with osteocytes are found between the lamellae and interconnected by ______________________, which allows all cells to be in contact with the source of nutrients and oxygen in the osteonic cancal

A

Canaliculi

62
Q

The outer boundary of each osteon is a more collagen-rich layer called the _____________________

A

Cement line

63
Q

The osten was formerly known as a _______________________

A

Haversian system

64
Q

_____________________ is a long, often bifurcated cylinder generally parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis of bone and is surrounded by four to ten concentric lamellae

A

Osteon

65
Q

Between the two circumferential osteon systems are numerous irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamellae called ________________________

A

Interstitial lamellae

66
Q

_________________ lamellae are lamella remaining from osteons partially destroyed by osteoclasts during growth and remodeling of bone

A

Interstitital lamellae

67
Q

Each osteon is lined with _______________ over its cancal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

A

Endosteum

68
Q

How do central canals communicate with one another and the periosteum?

A

Perforating (Volkmann) cancal

69
Q

Bone ______________________ is continuous throughout the life and involves a combination of bone synthesis and removal

A

Remodeling

70
Q

In _______________ bone, remodeling resorbs parts of old osteons and produces new ones

A

Compact

71
Q

In healthy adults, how much (percentage wise) of bone turns over annually?

A

5 to 10 percent

72
Q

________________ is the process of bone development

A

Osteogenesis

73
Q

There are two osteogenesis processes. What are they?

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

74
Q

In ___________________________ ossification, osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid

A

Intramembranous

75
Q

The bones of the skull, jaw, scapula, and clavicle develop via ______________________

A

Intramembranous ossification

76
Q

In ___________________ ossification, the preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin producing osteoid

A

Endochondral ossification

77
Q

What type of ossification forms most bones of the body and is especially well studied in lone bone?

A

Endochondral ossification

78
Q

Where would you find older bone in long bone?

A

In the diaphysis, toward the center

79
Q

There are four steps to intramembranous ossification. What are they?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells group into clusters and ossification centers form
  2. Secreted osteoids trap osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes
  3. Trabecular matrix and periosteum form
  4. Compact bone develops superficially to the trabecular bone and crowed blood vessels condense into red marrow
80
Q

In intramembranous ossification, ___________________ group into clusters and ossification centers form. Then secreted ______________ trap osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes, and the _______________ and periosteum form. Finally, ___________ bone develops superficially to the trabecular bone and crowed blood vessels condense into red marrow

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

Osteoids

Trabecular matrix

Compact

81
Q

In _____________________ ossification, ossification centers produce cavities that are gradually filled with bone marrow

A

Endochondral

82
Q

The ______________________ is the first site of bone formation in endochondral ossification, where cartilage has begun to degenerate

A

Primary ossification center

83
Q

Where does the primary ossification center form?

A

Diaphysis

84
Q

The ______________________ forms later in endochondral ossification in the epiphysis

A

Secondary ossification center

85
Q

Endochondral ossification:

  1. A cartilage model surrounded by ________________ is produced by _______________ that become _________________ enclosed by cartilage matrix
  2. The ________________ of the diaphysis becomes the _______________, and a bone collar is produced. Internally, the chondrocytes hypertrophy and calcified cartilage is formed
A

Perichondrium

Chondroblasts

Chondrocytes

Perichondrium

Periosteum

86
Q

Endochondral ossification

  1. A ___________________ center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage; the osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming _________________ bone
  2. The process of bone collar formation, cartilage calcification, and cancellous bone production continues. Calcified cartilage beings to form in the ______________. A medullary cavity begins to form in the center of the diaphysis
A

Primary ossification center

Cancellous

Epiphyses

Histology (18 decks)

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