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Histology > Connective Tissue: Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance > Flashcards

Connective Tissue: Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance Flashcards

1
Q

__________________ tissue is responsible for providing and maintaining organ forms throughout the body

A

Connective

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2
Q

The function of _________________ tissue is to provide a matrix that connects and binds other tissues and cells in organs and gives metabolic support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products

A

Connective

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3
Q

The function of connective tissue is to provide a ______________ that connects and binds other tissues and cells in organs and gives _________________ support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products

A

Matrix

Metabolic

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4
Q

What are the three structural properties of connective tissue?

A
  1. Tensile strength
  2. Elasticity
  3. Volume
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5
Q

What property of connective tissue provides resistance to pulling, stretching and tearing?

A

Tensile strength

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6
Q

What structural protein forms strong fibers and is responsible for the tensile strength of connective tissue?

A

Collagen

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7
Q

_________________ is a property of connective tissue that refers to its ability to return to its orginal shape after mechanical disortion

A

Elasticity

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8
Q

What fibers function like rubber and provide connective tissue elastic properties?

A

Elastin

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9
Q

______________ provides bulk and substance to connective tissue in the form of _____________ ______________

A

Volume

Ground substance

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10
Q

What makes up ground substance?

A

Glycoproteins

Complex carbohydrates

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11
Q

What are the three classes of connective tissue components?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibers
  3. Ground substance
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12
Q

Connective tissues are mainly composed of _______________ ______________ unlike other tissue types, whcih are primarily cellular

A

Extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Extracellular matrices consist of different combinations of _____________ _______________ and _____________ ___________

A

Protein fibers

Ground substance

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14
Q

What three protein fibers often make up extracellular matrices of connective tissues?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastin
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15
Q

____________ _____________ is a highly hydrophilic, viscous comlex of macromolecules that stabilizes the extraceullar matrix by binding receptor proteins on the surface of cells and to other matrix components

A

Ground substance

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16
Q

Ground substance binds receptor proteins called _________________ on the surfaces of cells

A

Integrins

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17
Q

Connective tissue originates from the embryonic __________________, a tissue of the embryonic germ layer _______________

A

Mesenchyme

Mesoderm

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18
Q

___________________ is the point of origin of all types of connective tissue cells, including other structures like blood cells, endothelial cells, and muscle cells

A

Mesenchyme

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19
Q

The mesenchyme is composed mostly of _____________ ______________ with a few collagen fibers

A

Ground substance

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20
Q

Cells in the mesenchyme are _______________ with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli and chromatin; they are spindle-shaped due to thin _________________ regions

A

Undifferentiated

Cytoplasmic

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21
Q

The mesenchyme gives rise to four immediate cellular descendants. What are they?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Chrondroblasts
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. Hematopoietic stem cells
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22
Q

Fibroblasts mature into _________________ that come together to form _____________ _____________ tissue

A

Fibrocytes

Proper connective tissue

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23
Q

Chondroblasts mature into _________________ and form ________________

A

Chondrocytes

Cartilage

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24
Q

Osteoblasts mature into _________________ and form ____________ tissue

A

Osteocytes

Ossous (bone)

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25
Q

Hematopoietic blood cells mature into __________________ and ___________, ultimately forming the blood

A

Blood cells

Macrophages

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26
Q

There are four general types of connective tissue. What are they?

A
  1. Proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
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27
Q

There are two subtypes of proper connective tissue; what are they?

A
  1. Loose proper connective tissue
  2. Dense proper connective tissue
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28
Q

There are three types of loose proper connective tissue; what are they?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
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29
Q

There are three types of dense proper connective tissue; what are they?

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
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30
Q

There are three subtypes of cartilage; what are they?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
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31
Q

Bone is a type of connective tissue and can be further divided into two types: _________________ and _________________

A

Compact

Spongy

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32
Q

What connective tissue type is responsible for biological packing and wrapping that supports many structures normally under some pressure and low friction?

A

Loose (proper) connective tissue

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33
Q

_______________ _____________ connective tissue provides physical support (dermis, organ capsules) and is adapted to offer resistance and protection

A

Dense proper connective tissue

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34
Q

These two types of connective tissue make up skeletal components.

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
35
Q

______________ tissue is a type of _______________ _____________ connective tissue that comes in white and brown subtypes and is mainly involved in fat storage, shock absorption, passing, and temperature regulation

A

Adipose

Loose proper connective tissue

36
Q

What connective tissue type is associated with tissue repair?

A

Blood/lymph

37
Q

What are the two main types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen (reticulin)

Elastic

38
Q

________________ refers to a family or proteins selected for the ability to form various extracellular fibers, sheets, and networks that are strong and resistant to shearing and tearing

A

Collagen fibers

39
Q

What protein is the most abudant in the human body?

A

Collagen

40
Q

Collagen is secreted by _______________________ in the form of a ________________________

A

Fibroblasts

Tropocollagen monomer

41
Q

_______________________ is a key element of all connective tissues

A

Collagen

42
Q

How many chains make up a collagen strand?

A

Three

43
Q

Collagen fibers are composed of three polypeptide ____________ chains that form a ________________ protein structure

A

Alpha

Helical

44
Q

Collagen synthesis initially begins on ribosomes of the rough ER in forms called ____________________, which intertwine in ER cisternae to make triple helices

A

Procollagen chains

45
Q

Every third amino acid in a collagen chain is ________________; the two other amino acids are often ______________________ post-translationally to form ____________________ and _____________________

A

Glycine

Hydroxylated

Hydroxylysine

Hydroxyproline

46
Q

There are __________________ categories of collagen according to their structure and general function

A

Four

47
Q

What are the four general categories of collagen types?

A

Fibril-forming

Fibril-associated

Anchoring fibril

Network-forming

48
Q

Of the 28 types of collagen, which is the most abudant with the widest distribution?

A

Type I

49
Q

What type of collagen is type I collagen?

A

Fibril-forming

50
Q

Type ____ collagen occurs in tissues as structures that are classically designated as collagen fibers, forming structures like tendons, organ capsules, and dermis

A

Type I collagen

51
Q

What type of collagen is the main structural collagen in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II

52
Q

What type of collagen forms reticular support meshworks in highly cellular tissues?

A

Reticulin or type III collagen

53
Q

________________ is also called Type III collagen

A

Reticulin

54
Q

_________________ fibers form extensive networks of extremely thin and heavily glycosylated fibers that are particularly abudant int he framework of hematopoietic organs

A

Reticular fibers

55
Q

Reticular fibers create __________________ networks in hematopoietic organs that are subject to changes in form or volume

A

Flexible

56
Q

Are reticular fibers visible in H&E staining?

A

No, but they can be easily stained black by impregnation with silver salts

57
Q

The prominent feature in a network of reticular fivers is that they provide a framework for _______________________

A

Cell attachment

58
Q

____________________________ are short structures that bind the surfaces of collagen fibrils to one another and to other components of the extracellular matrix

A

Fibril-associated collagens

59
Q

Anchoring collagen is a ___________________ collagen present in the anchoring fibrils that bind the ____________________ to reticular fibers in the underlying connective tissue

A

Type IV

Basal lamina

60
Q

Why is type IV collagen important?

A

Because its molecules assemble into meshworks that constitute the major structural component of the basal lamina

61
Q

__________________ fibers are thinner than the average collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs subjected to bending or stretching, like the walls of large arteries

A

Elastic

62
Q

What is the major functional property of elastic fibers?

A

To impart elasticity

63
Q

What is the molecular basis for elastin’s elasticity?

A

Each elastin molecule in the network has multiple random-coil domains that expand and contract, allowing for the entire network to stretch and recoil like a rubber band

64
Q

Elastin is synthesized by _______________ as a ______________ monomer

A

Fibroblasts

Tropoelastin

65
Q

___________________ is found in varying proportions in most supporting tissues and found in large amounts in the lungs, skin, and urinary bladder

A

Elastin

66
Q

_________________________________ is a highly hydrated, transparent, complex mixture of macromolecules that fills the space between cells and fibers of connective tissue

A

Ground substance

67
Q

Ground substance is ____________________ and acts as both a lubricant and barrier

A

Viscous

68
Q

Is ground substance granular?

A

No, the granularity of ground substance in TEMs is an artifact of glutaldehyde-tannic acid fixation procedure

69
Q

What are the two major components of ground substance?

A

Laminin

Fibronectin

70
Q

__________________________ provides adhesion for epithelial and other cells

A

Laminin

71
Q

__________________ is formed by fibroblasts and forms insoluble fibrillar networks that provide binding sites for integrins

A

Fibronectin

72
Q

The basal and external laminae are rich in _________________

A

Laminin

73
Q

What are integrins?

A

Proteins that are important in cell adhesion and cell migration

74
Q

_________________________ is a sheet-like arrangement of extracellular proteins that functions as an interface between support tisses and epithelial tissues or parenchymal cells

A

Basement membrane

75
Q

The basement membrane has many functions. What are four of them?

A
  1. Physical binding site for epithelium to underlying tissue
  2. Epithelial growth and differentiation control
  3. Nutrient and molecular flow
  4. Permeability regulation (selective barrier)
76
Q

What is the most common support cell of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

77
Q

____________________________ are the most common cells in proper connective tissue, and they produce and maintain the tissue’s extracellular components, like collagen, elastin, and ground substance

A

Fibroblasts

78
Q

Fibroblasts typically show large active nuclei and ________________________ cytoplasm that tapers off in both directions along the axis of the nucleus

A

Eosinophilic

79
Q

Fibroblasts exhibit two stages of activity. What are they?

A

Active

Quiescent

80
Q

___________________ fibroblasts are highly synthetic and have abudant and irregularly branched cytoplasm. They have ovoid, large, pale-staining nuclei with fine chromatin and a prominent nucleolus. Their cytoplasm is rich in rough ER and the Golgi apparatus is well developed

A

Active

81
Q

_____________________ fibroblasts are scattered within the matrix that they have already synthesized and are also called ________________. They are smaller with less prominent heterochromatic nuclei and fewer processes.

A

Quiescent

Fibrocyte

82
Q

____________________ are connective tissue cells that have become specialized for storage of neutral fats or for the production of heat

A

Adipocytes

83
Q

What cells are responsible for the secretion and maintenance of matrix in cartilage and bone?

A

Chondrocytes
Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

84
Q
A

Histology (18 decks)

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