Connective Tissue: Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance

Question 1

__________________ tissue is responsible for providing and maintaining organ forms throughout the body

Answer 1

Connective

Question 2

The function of _________________ tissue is to provide a matrix that connects and binds other tissues and cells in organs and gives metabolic support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products

Answer 2

Connective

Question 3

The function of connective tissue is to provide a ______________ that connects and binds other tissues and cells in organs and gives _________________ support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products

Answer 3

Matrix

Metabolic

Question 4

What are the three structural properties of connective tissue?

Answer 4

1. Tensile strength
2. Elasticity
3. Volume

Question 5

What property of connective tissue provides resistance to pulling, stretching and tearing?

Answer 5

Tensile strength

Question 6

What structural protein forms strong fibers and is responsible for the tensile strength of connective tissue?

Answer 6

Collagen

Question 7

_________________ is a property of connective tissue that refers to its ability to return to its orginal shape after mechanical disortion

Answer 7

Elasticity

Question 8

What fibers function like rubber and provide connective tissue elastic properties?

Answer 8

Elastin

Question 9

______________ provides bulk and substance to connective tissue in the form of _____________ ______________

Answer 9

Volume

Ground substance

Question 10

What makes up ground substance?

Answer 10

Glycoproteins

Complex carbohydrates

Question 11

What are the three classes of connective tissue components?

Answer 11

1. Cells
2. Fibers
3. Ground substance

Question 12

Connective tissues are mainly composed of _______________ ______________ unlike other tissue types, whcih are primarily cellular

Answer 12

Extracellular matrix

Question 13

Extracellular matrices consist of different combinations of _____________ _______________ and _____________ ___________

Answer 13

Protein fibers

Ground substance

Question 14

What three protein fibers often make up extracellular matrices of connective tissues?

Answer 14

1. Collagen
2. Reticular
3. Elastin

Question 15

____________ _____________ is a highly hydrophilic, viscous comlex of macromolecules that stabilizes the extraceullar matrix by binding receptor proteins on the surface of cells and to other matrix components

Answer 15

Ground substance

Question 16

Ground substance binds receptor proteins called _________________ on the surfaces of cells

Answer 16

Integrins

Question 17

Connective tissue originates from the embryonic __________________, a tissue of the embryonic germ layer _______________

Answer 17

Mesenchyme

Mesoderm

Question 18

___________________ is the point of origin of all types of connective tissue cells, including other structures like blood cells, endothelial cells, and muscle cells

Answer 18

Mesenchyme

Question 19

The mesenchyme is composed mostly of _____________ ______________ with a few collagen fibers

Answer 19

Ground substance

Question 20

Cells in the mesenchyme are _______________ with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli and chromatin; they are spindle-shaped due to thin _________________ regions

Answer 20

Undifferentiated

Cytoplasmic

Question 21

The mesenchyme gives rise to four immediate cellular descendants. What are they?

Answer 21

1. Fibroblasts
2. Chrondroblasts
3. Osteoblasts
4. Hematopoietic stem cells

Question 22

Fibroblasts mature into _________________ that come together to form _____________ _____________ tissue

Answer 22

Fibrocytes

Proper connective tissue

Question 23

Chondroblasts mature into _________________ and form ________________

Answer 23

Chondrocytes

Cartilage

Question 24

Osteoblasts mature into _________________ and form ____________ tissue

Answer 24

Osteocytes

Ossous (bone)

Question 25

Hematopoietic blood cells mature into __________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ultimately forming the blood

Answer 25

Blood cells Macrophages

Question 26

There are four general types of connective tissue. What are they?

Answer 26

1. Proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood

Question 27

There are two subtypes of proper connective tissue; what are they?

Answer 27

1. Loose proper connective tissue 2. Dense proper connective tissue

Question 28

There are three types of loose proper connective tissue; what are they?

Answer 28

1. Areolar 2. Adipose 3. Reticular

Question 29

There are three types of dense proper connective tissue; what are they?

Answer 29

1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Elastic

Question 30

There are three subtypes of cartilage; what are they?

Answer 30

1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic

Question 31

Bone is a type of connective tissue and can be further divided into two types: _________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

Compact Spongy

Question 32

What connective tissue type is responsible for biological packing and wrapping that supports many structures normally under some pressure and low friction?

Answer 32

Loose (proper) connective tissue

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____________ connective tissue provides physical support (dermis, organ capsules) and is adapted to offer resistance and protection

Answer 33

Dense proper connective tissue

Question 34

These two types of connective tissue make up skeletal components.

Answer 34

1. Cartilage 2. Bone

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue is a type of _______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connective tissue that comes in white and brown subtypes and is mainly involved in fat storage, shock absorption, passing, and temperature regulation

Answer 35

Adipose Loose proper connective tissue

Question 36

What connective tissue type is associated with tissue repair?

Answer 36

Blood/lymph

Question 37

What are the two main types of connective tissue fibers?

Answer 37

Collagen (reticulin) Elastic

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a family or proteins selected for the ability to form various extracellular fibers, sheets, and networks that are strong and resistant to shearing and tearing

Answer 38

Collagen fibers

Question 39

What protein is the most abudant in the human body?

Answer 39

Collagen

Question 40

Collagen is secreted by _______________________ in the form of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 40

Fibroblasts Tropocollagen monomer

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a key element of all connective tissues

Answer 41

Collagen

Question 42

How many chains make up a collagen strand?

Answer 42

Three

Question 43

Collagen fibers are composed of three polypeptide ____________ chains that form a ________________ protein structure

Answer 43

Alpha Helical

Question 44

Collagen synthesis initially begins on ribosomes of the rough ER in forms called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which intertwine in ER cisternae to make triple helices

Answer 44

Procollagen chains

Question 45

Every third amino acid in a collagen chain is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; the two other amino acids are often ______________________ post-translationally to form ____________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

Glycine Hydroxylated Hydroxylysine Hydroxyproline

Question 46

There are __________________ categories of collagen according to their structure and general function

Answer 46

Four

Question 47

What are the four general categories of collagen types?

Answer 47

Fibril-forming Fibril-associated Anchoring fibril Network-forming

Question 48

Of the 28 types of collagen, which is the most abudant with the widest distribution?

Answer 48

Type I

Question 49

What type of collagen is type I collagen?

Answer 49

Fibril-forming

Question 50

Type ____ collagen occurs in tissues as structures that are classically designated as collagen fibers, forming structures like tendons, organ capsules, and dermis

Answer 50

Type I collagen

Question 51

What type of collagen is the main structural collagen in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 51

Type II

Question 52

What type of collagen forms reticular support meshworks in highly cellular tissues?

Answer 52

Reticulin or type III collagen

Question 53

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is also called Type III collagen

Answer 53

Reticulin

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers form extensive networks of extremely thin and heavily glycosylated fibers that are particularly abudant int he framework of hematopoietic organs

Answer 54

Reticular fibers

Question 55

Reticular fibers create __________________ networks in hematopoietic organs that are subject to changes in form or volume

Answer 55

Flexible

Question 56

Are reticular fibers visible in H&E staining?

Answer 56

No, but they can be easily stained black by impregnation with silver salts

Question 57

The prominent feature in a network of reticular fivers is that they provide a framework for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 57

Cell attachment

Question 58

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are short structures that bind the surfaces of collagen fibrils to one another and to other components of the extracellular matrix

Answer 58

Fibril-associated collagens

Question 59

Anchoring collagen is a ___________________ collagen present in the anchoring fibrils that bind the ____________________ to reticular fibers in the underlying connective tissue

Answer 59

Type IV Basal lamina

Question 60

Why is type IV collagen important?

Answer 60

Because its molecules assemble into meshworks that constitute the major structural component of the basal lamina

Question 61

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibers are thinner than the average collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs subjected to bending or stretching, like the walls of large arteries

Answer 61

Elastic

Question 62

What is the major functional property of elastic fibers?

Answer 62

To impart elasticity

Question 63

What is the molecular basis for elastin's elasticity?

Answer 63

Each elastin molecule in the network has multiple random-coil domains that expand and contract, allowing for the entire network to stretch and recoil like a rubber band

Question 64

Elastin is synthesized by _______________ as a ______________ monomer

Answer 64

Fibroblasts Tropoelastin

Question 65

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is found in varying proportions in most supporting tissues and found in large amounts in the lungs, skin, and urinary bladder

Answer 65

Elastin

Question 66

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a highly hydrated, transparent, complex mixture of macromolecules that fills the space between cells and fibers of connective tissue

Answer 66

Ground substance

Question 67

Ground substance is ____________________ and acts as both a lubricant and barrier

Answer 67

Viscous

Question 68

Is ground substance granular?

Answer 68

No, the granularity of ground substance in TEMs is an artifact of glutaldehyde-tannic acid fixation procedure

Question 69

What are the two major components of ground substance?

Answer 69

Laminin Fibronectin

Question 70

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ provides adhesion for epithelial and other cells

Answer 70

Laminin

Question 71

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is formed by fibroblasts and forms insoluble fibrillar networks that provide binding sites for integrins

Answer 71

Fibronectin

Question 72

The basal and external laminae are rich in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 72

Laminin

Question 73

What are integrins?

Answer 73

Proteins that are important in cell adhesion and cell migration

Question 74

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a sheet-like arrangement of extracellular proteins that functions as an interface between support tisses and epithelial tissues or parenchymal cells

Answer 74

Basement membrane

Question 75

The basement membrane has many functions. What are four of them?

Answer 75

1. Physical binding site for epithelium to underlying tissue 2. Epithelial growth and differentiation control 3. Nutrient and molecular flow 4. Permeability regulation (selective barrier)

Question 76

What is the most common support cell of connective tissue?

Answer 76

Fibroblast

Question 77

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the most common cells in proper connective tissue, and they produce and maintain the tissue's extracellular components, like collagen, elastin, and ground substance

Answer 77

Fibroblasts

Question 78

Fibroblasts typically show large active nuclei and ________________________ cytoplasm that tapers off in both directions along the axis of the nucleus

Answer 78

Eosinophilic

Question 79

Fibroblasts exhibit two stages of activity. What are they?

Answer 79

Active Quiescent

Question 80

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibroblasts are highly synthetic and have abudant and irregularly branched cytoplasm. They have ovoid, large, pale-staining nuclei with fine chromatin and a prominent nucleolus. Their cytoplasm is rich in rough ER and the Golgi apparatus is well developed

Answer 80

Active

Question 81

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fibroblasts are scattered within the matrix that they have already synthesized and are also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They are smaller with less prominent heterochromatic nuclei and fewer processes.

Answer 81

Quiescent Fibrocyte

Question 82

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are connective tissue cells that have become specialized for storage of neutral fats or for the production of heat

Answer 82

Adipocytes

Question 83

What cells are responsible for the secretion and maintenance of matrix in cartilage and bone?

Answer 83

Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Osteocytes