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Histology > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

_______________________ is characterized by an extracelullar matrix enriched with macromolecules that interact with collagen and elastic fibers

A

Cartilage

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2
Q

What two macromolecules characterize the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

Proteoglycans

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3
Q

What leads to the three different types of cartilage?

A

Variations in the composition of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix

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4
Q

__________________ cartilage is located between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; surrounding larynx, trachaea, and bronchi; and forms part of the nasal septum

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

The function of this cartilage is to provide stiff but somewhat flexible support and to reduce friction between bony surfaces

A

Hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

_________________ cartilage can be found in the auricle of the external ear; epiglottis; auditory tube; and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx

A

Elastic cartilage

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7
Q

The function of this cartilage is to provide support but to tolerate distortion without damage

A

Elastic cartilage

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8
Q

______________________ cartilage is located in the pads within knee joints; between pubic bones of the pelvis; and intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous cartilage

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9
Q

The function of this cartilage is to resist compression, to prevent bone-to-bone contact, and to limit relative movement

A

Fibrous cartilage

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10
Q

Cartilage consists of cells called _________________

A

Chondrocytes

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11
Q

Chondrocytes synthesize and secrete the ECM and the cells themselves are located in matrix cavities called _________________

A

Lacunae

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12
Q

Because collagen and elastin are flexible, the firm gel-like consistency of cartilage depends on electrostatic bonds between collagen fibers and the _________________ side chains of matrix _____________

A

Glycosaminoglycan

Proteoglycans

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13
Q

How are chondrocytes nourished?

A

By diffusion from capillaries in the surrounding connective tissue (perichondrium)

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14
Q

Is cartilage vascular?

A

No; all cartilage lack vascular supplies

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15
Q

Chondrocytes are nourished by diffusion from capillaries in surrounding connective tissue called _________________________

A

Perichondrium

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16
Q

Chondrocytes have ____________ (low or high) metabolic activity

A

Low

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17
Q

Does cartilage have nerves?

A

No

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18
Q

As a result of different functional requirements, how many forms of cartilage have evolved?

A

Three

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19
Q

In the matrix of _______________ cartilage, the most common form, type II collagen is the principal collagen type

A

Hyaline

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20
Q

The more pliable and distensible _______________ cartilage possesses, in addition to collagen type II, an abundance of ______________ fibers within its matrix.

A

Elastic

Elastic

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21
Q

_________________ present in regions of the body subjected to pulling forces, is characterized by a matrix containing a dense network of coarse type I collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

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22
Q

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II

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23
Q

What type of collagen makes up elastic collagen?

A

Type II

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24
Q

What type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage?

A

Type I

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate, which is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

What color does hyaline cartilage take on when fresh?

A

Bluish-white and translucent

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27
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located in the embryo?

A

The skeleton (temporary)

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28
Q

40% of the dry weight of _______________ cartilage consists of type __________ collagen (with small amounts of types VI and IX collagen) embedded in a firm, hydrated gel of proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins

A

Hyaline cartilage

Type II

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29
Q

Why are collagen fibers indiscernible in hyaline cartilage preparations?

A

The collagen is in the form of fibrils that have submicroscopic dimensions, and the refractive index of the fibrils is almost the same as that of the surrounding substances

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30
Q

Hyaline cartilage matrix is generally _________________ due to the high concentration of sulfated glycosaminoglycans

A

Basophilic

31
Q

The area immediately surrounding each chondrocyte in the extracellular matrix is richer in __________________ and poorer in _______________; these areas comprise the ____________________ and usually stain differently from the rest of the matrix

A

Glycosaminoglycans

Collagen

Territorial matrix

32
Q

________________________ is the most abundant proteoglycan of hyaline cartilage

A

Aggrecan

33
Q

____________________ specifically mediates the attachment of chondrocytes to type II collagen

A

Chondronectin

34
Q

________________ connects type II collage fibrils together, forming a network

A

Aggrecan

35
Q

_____________________ function to synthesize collagens and the other matrix molecules

A

Chondrocytes

36
Q

In hyaline cartilage, young chondrocytes can be found where?

A

At the periphery

37
Q

What do young chondrocytes look like in hyaline cartilage?

A

Elliptical with their long axes parallel to the surface

38
Q

As chondrocytes move deeper into the matrix, how does their appearance change?

A

They get rounder and may appear in groups of up to eight cells originating from mitotic divisions of a single chondrocyte called isogenous aggregates

39
Q

________________________________ are groups of up to eight cells originating from mitotic divisions of a single chondrocyte

A

Isogenous aggregates

40
Q

What happens to chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage as the matrix is produced?

A

Cells in isogenous aggregates are moved apart and occupy separate lacunae

41
Q

_______________________ is a sheath of dense CT that surrounds cartilage in most places and consists largely of collagen type ___ fibers and contains numerous fibroblasts

A

Perichondrium

Type I collagen

42
Q

What forms the interface between cartilage and tissue supported by cartilage?

A

The perichondrium

43
Q

What type of cartilage lacks perichondrium?

A

Articular cartilage, which covers the ends of bones

44
Q

How is articular cartilage sustained?

A

Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid

45
Q

Although very similar (visually) to hyaline cartilage, __________________ cartilage contains an abundant network of fine elastic fibers in addition to collagen type II fibrils and is frequently found to be gradually continuous with hyaline cartilage

A

Elastic

46
Q

Does elastic cartilage possess a perichondrium?

A

Yes

47
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

Auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory canals, the auditory tubes, the epiglottis, the cuneform cartilage in the larynx

48
Q

____________________ is an intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

49
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

Intervertebral discus

Certain ligaments

Pubic symphysis

50
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage are arranged axially in long rows separated by coarse collage type I fibers and less proteoglycans

51
Q

Because it is richer in collagen type I, fibrocartilage matrix appears more _____________________

A

Acidophilic

52
Q

What type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage?

A

Type I

53
Q

This cartilage contains dense collagen fibers that form either irregular or parallel bundles between the axial aggregates of chondrocytes, the general orientation of which depends on the stresses placed upon it

A

Fibrocartilage

54
Q

How do collagen bundles align themselves in fibrocartilage?

A

Parallel to the stresses

55
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a distinct perichondrium?

A

No

56
Q

What are the two major histological components of intervertebral discs?

A

Peripheral annulus fibrosus

Central nucelus pulposus

57
Q

In intervertebral discus, the peripheral _______________________ is rich in bundles of type I collagen and the central ___________________ contains a gel-like matrix rich in hyaluronic acid

A

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

58
Q

____________________________ act as lubricated cushions and shcok absorbers, preventing adjacent vertebrae from being damaged by abrasive forces or impact during movement of the spinal column

A

Intervertebral discs

59
Q

All cartilage forms from embryonic mesenchyme via ___________________________

A

Chondrogenesis

60
Q

What’s the difference between a chondroblast and chondrocyte?

A

A chondroblast is a cell during proliferation; a chondrocyte is a cell after proliferation

61
Q

There are four major stages of embryonic cartilage formation. What are they?

A

Mesenchymal precursor

Chondroblasts formed via mitosis and cell differentiation

Separation and formation of the extracellular matrix

Formation of isogenous aggregates in the territorial matrix

62
Q

Further growth of cartilage is attributable to two processes. What are they?

A

Interstitial growth

Appositional growth

63
Q

_________________________ growth results from the mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes

A

Interstitial growth

64
Q

___________________ grwoth results from the differentiation of perichondrial cells

A

Appositional growth

65
Q

What contributes greatly to the growth of cartilage?

A

Matrix synthesis

66
Q

What type of growth lays the initial foundation for cartilage growth?

A

Interstitial

67
Q

Which of the two types of cartilage growth is less important postnatally?

A

Interstitial growth

68
Q

___________________________ occurs during the early phases of cartilage formation and increases tissue mass by expanding the cartilage matrix from within; it occurs in the epiphyseal plates of long bones and within articular carilage

A

Interstitial grwoth

69
Q

What type of growth occurs in the epiphyseal plates of long bones and within articular cartilage?

A

Interstitital growth

70
Q

__________________ growth increases cartilage girth

A

Appositional growth

71
Q

In _______________________, chondroblasts differentiate in the inner layers of the ________________________ where they proliferate and become chondrocytes; once they have surrounded themselves with cartilaginous matrix, they are incorporated into existing cartilage

A

Appositional growth

Perichondrium

72
Q

Except in young children, damaged cartilage undergoes slow and often incomplete ______________________________

A

Regeneration

73
Q

In extensively damaged areas, and occassionally in small areas, the perichondrium produces a _____________ of ______________________ instead of forming new cartilage

A

Scar

Dense connective tissue

74
Q

The poor regenerative capacity of cartilage is due in part to its _______________________

A

Avascularity

Histology (18 decks)

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