Cartilage

Question 1

_______________________ is characterized by an extracelullar matrix enriched with macromolecules that interact with collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 1

Cartilage

Question 2

What two macromolecules characterize the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

Answer 2

Glycosaminoglycans

Proteoglycans

Question 3

What leads to the three different types of cartilage?

Answer 3

Variations in the composition of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix

Question 4

__________________ cartilage is located between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; surrounding larynx, trachaea, and bronchi; and forms part of the nasal septum

Answer 4

Hyaline cartilage

Question 5

The function of this cartilage is to provide stiff but somewhat flexible support and to reduce friction between bony surfaces

Answer 5

Hyaline cartilage

Question 6

_________________ cartilage can be found in the auricle of the external ear; epiglottis; auditory tube; and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx

Answer 6

Elastic cartilage

Question 7

The function of this cartilage is to provide support but to tolerate distortion without damage

Answer 7

Elastic cartilage

Question 8

______________________ cartilage is located in the pads within knee joints; between pubic bones of the pelvis; and intervertebral discs

Answer 8

Fibrous cartilage

Question 9

The function of this cartilage is to resist compression, to prevent bone-to-bone contact, and to limit relative movement

Answer 9

Fibrous cartilage

Question 10

Cartilage consists of cells called _________________

Answer 10

Chondrocytes

Question 11

Chondrocytes synthesize and secrete the ECM and the cells themselves are located in matrix cavities called _________________

Answer 11

Lacunae

Question 12

Because collagen and elastin are flexible, the firm gel-like consistency of cartilage depends on electrostatic bonds between collagen fibers and the _________________ side chains of matrix _____________

Answer 12

Glycosaminoglycan

Proteoglycans

Question 13

How are chondrocytes nourished?

Answer 13

By diffusion from capillaries in the surrounding connective tissue (perichondrium)

Question 14

Is cartilage vascular?

Answer 14

No; all cartilage lack vascular supplies

Question 15

Chondrocytes are nourished by diffusion from capillaries in surrounding connective tissue called _________________________

Answer 15

Perichondrium

Question 16

Chondrocytes have ____________ (low or high) metabolic activity

Answer 16

Low

Question 17

Does cartilage have nerves?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

As a result of different functional requirements, how many forms of cartilage have evolved?

Answer 18

Three

Question 19

In the matrix of _______________ cartilage, the most common form, type II collagen is the principal collagen type

Answer 19

Hyaline

Question 20

The more pliable and distensible _______________ cartilage possesses, in addition to collagen type II, an abundance of ______________ fibers within its matrix.

Answer 20

Elastic

Elastic

Question 21

_________________ present in regions of the body subjected to pulling forces, is characterized by a matrix containing a dense network of coarse type I collagen fibers

Answer 21

Fibrocartilage

Question 22

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage?

Answer 22

Type II

Question 23

What type of collagen makes up elastic collagen?

Answer 23

Type II

Question 24

What type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage?

Answer 24

Type I

Question 25

What type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate, which is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone?

Answer 25

Hyaline cartilage

Question 26

What color does hyaline cartilage take on when fresh?

Answer 26

Bluish-white and translucent

Question 27

Where is hyaline cartilage located in the embryo?

Answer 27

The skeleton (temporary)

Question 28

40% of the dry weight of _______________ cartilage consists of type __________ collagen (with small amounts of types VI and IX collagen) embedded in a firm, hydrated gel of proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins

Answer 28

Hyaline cartilage Type II

Question 29

Why are collagen fibers indiscernible in hyaline cartilage preparations?

Answer 29

The collagen is in the form of fibrils that have submicroscopic dimensions, and the refractive index of the fibrils is almost the same as that of the surrounding substances

Question 30

Hyaline cartilage matrix is generally _________________ due to the high concentration of sulfated glycosaminoglycans

Answer 30

Basophilic

Question 31

The area immediately surrounding each chondrocyte in the extracellular matrix is richer in __________________ and poorer in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; these areas comprise the ____________________ and usually stain differently from the rest of the matrix

Answer 31

Glycosaminoglycans Collagen Territorial matrix

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most abundant proteoglycan of hyaline cartilage

Answer 32

Aggrecan

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ specifically mediates the attachment of chondrocytes to type II collagen

Answer 33

Chondronectin

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connects type II collage fibrils together, forming a network

Answer 34

Aggrecan

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ function to synthesize collagens and the other matrix molecules

Answer 35

Chondrocytes

Question 36

In hyaline cartilage, young chondrocytes can be found where?

Answer 36

At the periphery

Question 37

What do young chondrocytes look like in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 37

Elliptical with their long axes parallel to the surface

Question 38

As chondrocytes move deeper into the matrix, how does their appearance change?

Answer 38

They get rounder and may appear in groups of up to eight cells originating from mitotic divisions of a single chondrocyte called isogenous aggregates

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are groups of up to eight cells originating from mitotic divisions of a single chondrocyte

Answer 39

Isogenous aggregates

Question 40

What happens to chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage as the matrix is produced?

Answer 40

Cells in isogenous aggregates are moved apart and occupy separate lacunae

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a sheath of dense CT that surrounds cartilage in most places and consists largely of collagen type ___ fibers and contains numerous fibroblasts

Answer 41

Perichondrium Type I collagen

Question 42

What forms the interface between cartilage and tissue supported by cartilage?

Answer 42

The perichondrium

Question 43

What type of cartilage lacks perichondrium?

Answer 43

Articular cartilage, which covers the ends of bones

Question 44

How is articular cartilage sustained?

Answer 44

Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid

Question 45

Although very similar (visually) to hyaline cartilage, __________________ cartilage contains an abundant network of fine elastic fibers in addition to collagen type II fibrils and is frequently found to be gradually continuous with hyaline cartilage

Answer 45

Elastic

Question 46

Does elastic cartilage possess a perichondrium?

Answer 46

Yes

Question 47

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

Answer 47

Auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory canals, the auditory tubes, the epiglottis, the cuneform cartilage in the larynx

Question 48

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

Answer 48

Fibrocartilage

Question 49

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

Answer 49

Intervertebral discus Certain ligaments Pubic symphysis

Question 50

How are chondrocytes arranged in fibrocartilage?

Answer 50

Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage are arranged axially in long rows separated by coarse collage type I fibers and less proteoglycans

Question 51

Because it is richer in collagen type I, fibrocartilage matrix appears more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 51

Acidophilic

Question 52

What type of collagen makes up fibrocartilage?

Answer 52

Type I

Question 53

This cartilage contains dense collagen fibers that form either irregular or parallel bundles between the axial aggregates of chondrocytes, the general orientation of which depends on the stresses placed upon it

Answer 53

Fibrocartilage

Question 54

How do collagen bundles align themselves in fibrocartilage?

Answer 54

Parallel to the stresses

Question 55

Does fibrocartilage have a distinct perichondrium?

Answer 55

No

Question 56

What are the two major histological components of intervertebral discs?

Answer 56

Peripheral annulus fibrosus Central nucelus pulposus

Question 57

In intervertebral discus, the peripheral _______________________ is rich in bundles of type I collagen and the central ___________________ contains a gel-like matrix rich in hyaluronic acid

Answer 57

Annulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus

Question 58

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ act as lubricated cushions and shcok absorbers, preventing adjacent vertebrae from being damaged by abrasive forces or impact during movement of the spinal column

Answer 58

Intervertebral discs

Question 59

All cartilage forms from embryonic mesenchyme via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 59

Chondrogenesis

Question 60

What's the difference between a chondroblast and chondrocyte?

Answer 60

A chondroblast is a cell during proliferation; a chondrocyte is a cell after proliferation

Question 61

There are four major stages of embryonic cartilage formation. What are they?

Answer 61

Mesenchymal precursor Chondroblasts formed via mitosis and cell differentiation Separation and formation of the extracellular matrix Formation of isogenous aggregates in the territorial matrix

Question 62

Further growth of cartilage is attributable to two processes. What are they?

Answer 62

Interstitial growth Appositional growth

Question 63

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ growth results from the mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes

Answer 63

Interstitial growth

Question 64

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ grwoth results from the differentiation of perichondrial cells

Answer 64

Appositional growth

Question 65

What contributes greatly to the growth of cartilage?

Answer 65

Matrix synthesis

Question 66

What type of growth lays the initial foundation for cartilage growth?

Answer 66

Interstitial

Question 67

Which of the two types of cartilage growth is less important postnatally?

Answer 67

Interstitial growth

Question 68

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs during the early phases of cartilage formation and increases tissue mass by expanding the cartilage matrix from within; it occurs in the epiphyseal plates of long bones and within articular carilage

Answer 68

Interstitial grwoth

Question 69

What type of growth occurs in the epiphyseal plates of long bones and within articular cartilage?

Answer 69

Interstitital growth

Question 70

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ growth increases cartilage girth

Answer 70

Appositional growth

Question 71

In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, chondroblasts differentiate in the inner layers of the ________________________ where they proliferate and become chondrocytes; once they have surrounded themselves with cartilaginous matrix, they are incorporated into existing cartilage

Answer 71

Appositional growth Perichondrium

Question 72

Except in young children, damaged cartilage undergoes slow and often incomplete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 72

Regeneration

Question 73

In extensively damaged areas, and occassionally in small areas, the perichondrium produces a _____________ of ______________________ instead of forming new cartilage

Answer 73

Scar Dense connective tissue

Question 74

The poor regenerative capacity of cartilage is due in part to its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 74

Avascularity