Blood Flashcards
____________________ a specialized fluid of connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
Blood
What are the five functions of blood?
Functions include (1) transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; (2) regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; (3) restriction of fluid loss at injury sites (i.e., blood clotting); (4) defense against toxins and pathogens; and (5) stabilization of body temperature
What two parts make up blood?
Whole blood contains plasma (fluid) and formed elements (all cells and solids)
_____________________ is the process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis into plasma and formed elements
Fractionation
Plasma is composed of ___________% water; the remaining ___% is composed of plasma proteins (____%) and other solutes (_____%)
92%
8%
7%
1%
What are the three main types of dissolved plasma proteins?
- Albumin
- Globulin
- Fibrinogen
______________ is the major protein contributor to osmotic pressure and transporter of lipids and steroid hormones
Albumin
__________________ are protein transporters of ions, hormones, and lipids and a component of immunity
Globulins
_________________ is an essential protein component of the clotting system and can be converted into insoluble fibrin
Fibrinogen
Where are most plasma proteins produced?
Liver
Where are immunoglobulins produced?
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
What three other solutes make up the 1% of plasma volume?
- Electrolytes
- Organic nutrients (lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids)
- Organic wastes
___________________ transport oxygen; they make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
Describe the shape of red blood cells.
Red blood cells are small, highly specialized discs that are thin in the middle and thicker at the edge
What are three ways that red blood cell structure enables its function?
- 1) high surface-to-volume ration allows for quick absorption and release of oxygen;
- (2) discs can form stacks that soothes flow through narrow blood vessels; and
- (3) discs bend and flex entering small capillaries – 7.8 micrometer red blood cell can pass through a 4.0 micrometer capillary
Red blood cells transport _______________, a protein that transports respiratory gases; in an adult male, normal hemoglobin levels range from 14 to 18 grams per decaliter
Hemoglobin
___________________ refers to the production of formed blood elements
Hematopoiesis
Red blood cells form via __________________, which only occurs in the ________________ or myeloid tissue
Erythropoiesis
Red bone marrow
What provides the microenvironment that supports erthyropoiesis?
Bone marrow sinusoids
After the nucleus is ejected from an erythroblast, the cell becomes a _____________________ or immature red blood cell
Reticulocyte
Why is a reticulocyte considered immature?
Because it lacks the full complement of hemoglobin required to be a mature red blood cell
Reticulocytes are released from the bone marrow and still contain ______________, mitochondria, and ______________; they begin to synthesize ___________________ and 48 hours post-release they mature into erythrocytes
Golgi
Ribosomes
Hemoglobin
What are two ways to measure red blood cell levels in the human body?
Red blood cell count
Hematocrit
_______________________ reports the number of red blood cells in 1 microliter of whole blood
Red blood cell count
________________ reports the percentage of red blood cells in centrifuged whole blood
Hematocrit or packed cell voume
Normal _______________________ in males range from 4.5 to 6.3 million, in females 4.0 to 5.5 million
Red blood cell counts
__________________ are part of the immune system of which there are five types present in normal human blood
White blood cells or leukocytes
What are the five hematopoietic growth factors that stimulate white blood cell lineages from common progenitor cells?
- Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
- Interleukin 5
- Interleukin 3
- Monocyte colony stimulating factor
- Granulocyte colony stimulate factor
White blood cells can be divided into two large groups. What are they?
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)
Granulocytes or myeloid cells are formed by ________________ and contain prominent type-specific cytoplasmic granules; they have a single nucleus segmented into multiple lobes with variable shapes (i.e., _______________); they originate from bone marrow and are involved in the innate defense system against infection in the _____________, where they migrate via _________________ movement from the blood vessels in which they are carried and release chemotactic signals
Granulopoiesis
Polymorphonuclear
Tissues
Pseudopodal
Granulocytes undergo granulopoiesis from myeloblast – promyelocyte – myelocyte – ________________, which is not capable of cell division and instead begins nuclear segmentation, and thus they are the immediate precursors of mature granulocytes
Megamyelocyte
_____________________ comprise 50 to 70% of circulating white blood cells where they engage in phagocytosis to engulf and digest pathogens (primarily bacterial) at which point they release prostaglandins and leukotrienes (inflammation) and form pus
Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes
What type of action do neutrophils engage?
Phagocytosis of primarily bacterial pathogens
What chemicals do neutrophils release?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
What white blood cell type forms pus?
Neutrophils
What happens to neutrophils after they phagocytose a pathogen?
They die in the tissue
What color does the cytoplasm of neutrophils stain?
Lilac
Neutrophil granules contain __________________ and __________________
Lysosomal enzymes
Bactericides
___________________________ compromise 2 to 4% of circulating white blood cells where they attack large parasites, respond to allergens, and control inflammation with enzymes that counteract the inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells
Eosinophils or acidophiles
What white blood cell type counteracts the inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells?
Eosinophils
What color do eosinophils stain?
Red
What toxic compounds do eosinophils excrete?
Nitric oxide
Cytotoxic enzymes
_________________ comprise less than 1% of circulating white blood cells and accumulate in damaged tissue where they release histamine (blood vessel dilation) and heparin (blood clotting prevention)
Basophils
What white blood cell type releases histamine and heparin?
Basophils
What does histamine do?
Dilates blood vessels
What does heparin do?
Prevents blood clot formation
What color do basophils stain?
Blue
_________________________ are white blood cells that contain non-lobulated nuclei
Agranulocytes or mononuclear leukocytes
________________ comprise 2 to 8% of circulating white blood cells; they are large and spherical and entire peripheral tissues to become macrophages, where they engulf large particles and pathogens and secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured areas
Monocytes
Monocytes are inactive precursors of ________________________, which engulf large particles and secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured areas
Macrophages
______________________ comprise 20 to 30% of circulating white blood cells; they are larger than red blood cells and migrate in and out of the blood, mostly in connective tissues and lymphatic organs, where they are a part of the body’s specific defense system
Lymphocytes
Stem cells in the bone marrow divide to produce lymphoid stem cells, which become _________________
Lymphocytes
There are three primary types of lymphocytes. What are they?
- T cells
- B cells
- Natural killer cells
_______________ are lymphocytes that engage in cell-mediated immunity and attack foreign cells directly
T cells
______________ are lymphocytes that engage in humoral immunity and differentiate into plasma cells where they synthesize antibodies
B cells
___________________ are lymphocytes that detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancer)
Natural killer cells
_________________ refers to a raised neutrophil count and indicates acute inflammation or bacterial infection
Neutrophilia
_________________ refers to increased eosinophils and indicates allergy or parasitic infection
Eosinophilia
__________________ refers to a high lymphocyte count and results from viral infections
Lymphocytosis
____________________ refers to a reduction in neutrophil levels
Neutropenia
__________ refers to a large number of abnormal circulating cells
Leukemia
White blood cells except for _________________ develop in the _____________________; _____________________ develop into macrophages in the peripheral tissues
Monocytes
Bone marrow
Monocytes
_____________________ are cell fragments involved in clotting
Platelets
How long do platelets circulate?
9 to 12 days
Platelets are produced via ________________________
Thrombocytopoiesis
What organ removes platelets?
Spleen
Platelets derive from ___________________, giant cells that manufactor platelets from their cytoplasms
Megakaryocytes
What are the three functions of platelets?
- (1) release of important clotting chemicals;
- (2) temporary patch of damage to vessel walls; and
- (3) contract tissue after clot formation
An abnormally low platelet count is known as ______________________; and abnormally high platelet count is known as ____________________
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis
How are blood samples fixed?
With alcohol
What types of stains are used in blood tissue preparation?
Romanowsky-type (Giemsa, Wright)
Basophilic organelles (DNA – nucleus, RNA – ribosomes) stain _____________________
Deep blue
___________________ organelles (lysosomes, leukocyte granules) stain purple
Azurophilic
Eosinophilic organelles (____________________) stain pink or red
Cytoplasm
____________________ organelles (cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils) stain salmon or ____________
Neutrophilic
Lilac
