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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

____________________ a specialized fluid of connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

A

Blood

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2
Q

What are the five functions of blood?

A

Functions include (1) transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes; (2) regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids; (3) restriction of fluid loss at injury sites (i.e., blood clotting); (4) defense against toxins and pathogens; and (5) stabilization of body temperature

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3
Q

What two parts make up blood?

A

Whole blood contains plasma (fluid) and formed elements (all cells and solids)

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4
Q

_____________________ is the process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis into plasma and formed elements

A

Fractionation

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5
Q

Plasma is composed of ___________% water; the remaining ___% is composed of plasma proteins (____%) and other solutes (_____%)

A

92%

8%

7%

1%

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6
Q

What are the three main types of dissolved plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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7
Q

______________ is the major protein contributor to osmotic pressure and transporter of lipids and steroid hormones

A

Albumin

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8
Q

__________________ are protein transporters of ions, hormones, and lipids and a component of immunity

A

Globulins

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9
Q

_________________ is an essential protein component of the clotting system and can be converted into insoluble fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

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10
Q

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Where are immunoglobulins produced?

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

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12
Q

What three other solutes make up the 1% of plasma volume?

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Organic nutrients (lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids)
  3. Organic wastes
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13
Q

___________________ transport oxygen; they make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements

A

Red blood cells or erythrocytes

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14
Q

Describe the shape of red blood cells.

A

Red blood cells are small, highly specialized discs that are thin in the middle and thicker at the edge

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15
Q

What are three ways that red blood cell structure enables its function?

A
  • 1) high surface-to-volume ration allows for quick absorption and release of oxygen;
  • (2) discs can form stacks that soothes flow through narrow blood vessels; and
  • (3) discs bend and flex entering small capillaries – 7.8 micrometer red blood cell can pass through a 4.0 micrometer capillary
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16
Q

Red blood cells transport _______________, a protein that transports respiratory gases; in an adult male, normal hemoglobin levels range from 14 to 18 grams per decaliter

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

___________________ refers to the production of formed blood elements

A

Hematopoiesis

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18
Q

Red blood cells form via __________________, which only occurs in the ________________ or myeloid tissue

A

Erythropoiesis

Red bone marrow

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19
Q

What provides the microenvironment that supports erthyropoiesis?

A

Bone marrow sinusoids

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20
Q

After the nucleus is ejected from an erythroblast, the cell becomes a _____________________ or immature red blood cell

A

Reticulocyte

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21
Q

Why is a reticulocyte considered immature?

A

Because it lacks the full complement of hemoglobin required to be a mature red blood cell

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22
Q

Reticulocytes are released from the bone marrow and still contain ______________, mitochondria, and ______________; they begin to synthesize ___________________ and 48 hours post-release they mature into erythrocytes

A

Golgi

Ribosomes

Hemoglobin

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23
Q

What are two ways to measure red blood cell levels in the human body?

A

Red blood cell count

Hematocrit

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24
Q

_______________________ reports the number of red blood cells in 1 microliter of whole blood

A

Red blood cell count

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25
Q

________________ reports the percentage of red blood cells in centrifuged whole blood

A

Hematocrit or packed cell voume

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26
Q

Normal _______________________ in males range from 4.5 to 6.3 million, in females 4.0 to 5.5 million

A

Red blood cell counts

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27
Q

__________________ are part of the immune system of which there are five types present in normal human blood

A

White blood cells or leukocytes

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28
Q

What are the five hematopoietic growth factors that stimulate white blood cell lineages from common progenitor cells?

A
  1. Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
  2. Interleukin 5
  3. Interleukin 3
  4. Monocyte colony stimulating factor
  5. Granulocyte colony stimulate factor
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29
Q

White blood cells can be divided into two large groups. What are they?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)

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30
Q

Granulocytes or myeloid cells are formed by ________________ and contain prominent type-specific cytoplasmic granules; they have a single nucleus segmented into multiple lobes with variable shapes (i.e., _______________); they originate from bone marrow and are involved in the innate defense system against infection in the _____________, where they migrate via _________________ movement from the blood vessels in which they are carried and release chemotactic signals

A

Granulopoiesis

Polymorphonuclear

Tissues

Pseudopodal

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31
Q

Granulocytes undergo granulopoiesis from myeloblast – promyelocyte – myelocyte – ________________, which is not capable of cell division and instead begins nuclear segmentation, and thus they are the immediate precursors of mature granulocytes

A

Megamyelocyte

32
Q

_____________________ comprise 50 to 70% of circulating white blood cells where they engage in phagocytosis to engulf and digest pathogens (primarily bacterial) at which point they release prostaglandins and leukotrienes (inflammation) and form pus

A

Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes

33
Q

What type of action do neutrophils engage?

A

Phagocytosis of primarily bacterial pathogens

34
Q

What chemicals do neutrophils release?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

35
Q

What white blood cell type forms pus?

A

Neutrophils

36
Q

What happens to neutrophils after they phagocytose a pathogen?

A

They die in the tissue

37
Q

What color does the cytoplasm of neutrophils stain?

A

Lilac

38
Q

Neutrophil granules contain __________________ and __________________

A

Lysosomal enzymes

Bactericides

39
Q

___________________________ compromise 2 to 4% of circulating white blood cells where they attack large parasites, respond to allergens, and control inflammation with enzymes that counteract the inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells

A

Eosinophils or acidophiles

40
Q

What white blood cell type counteracts the inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells?

A

Eosinophils

41
Q

What color do eosinophils stain?

A

Red

42
Q

What toxic compounds do eosinophils excrete?

A

Nitric oxide

Cytotoxic enzymes

43
Q

_________________ comprise less than 1% of circulating white blood cells and accumulate in damaged tissue where they release histamine (blood vessel dilation) and heparin (blood clotting prevention)

A

Basophils

44
Q

What white blood cell type releases histamine and heparin?

A

Basophils

45
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Dilates blood vessels

46
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Prevents blood clot formation

47
Q

What color do basophils stain?

A

Blue

48
Q

_________________________ are white blood cells that contain non-lobulated nuclei

A

Agranulocytes or mononuclear leukocytes

49
Q

________________ comprise 2 to 8% of circulating white blood cells; they are large and spherical and entire peripheral tissues to become macrophages, where they engulf large particles and pathogens and secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured areas

A

Monocytes

50
Q

Monocytes are inactive precursors of ________________________, which engulf large particles and secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured areas

A

Macrophages

51
Q

______________________ comprise 20 to 30% of circulating white blood cells; they are larger than red blood cells and migrate in and out of the blood, mostly in connective tissues and lymphatic organs, where they are a part of the body’s specific defense system​

A

Lymphocytes

52
Q

Stem cells in the bone marrow divide to produce lymphoid stem cells, which become _________________

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

There are three primary types of lymphocytes. What are they?

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. Natural killer cells
54
Q

_______________ are lymphocytes that engage in cell-mediated immunity and attack foreign cells directly

A

T cells

55
Q

______________ are lymphocytes that engage in humoral immunity and differentiate into plasma cells where they synthesize antibodies

A

B cells

56
Q

___________________ are lymphocytes that detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancer)

A

Natural killer cells

57
Q

_________________ refers to a raised neutrophil count and indicates acute inflammation or bacterial infection

A

Neutrophilia

58
Q

_________________ refers to increased eosinophils and indicates allergy or parasitic infection

A

Eosinophilia

59
Q

__________________ refers to a high lymphocyte count and results from viral infections

A

Lymphocytosis

60
Q

____________________ refers to a reduction in neutrophil levels

A

Neutropenia

61
Q

__________ refers to a large number of abnormal circulating cells

A

Leukemia

62
Q

White blood cells except for _________________ develop in the _____________________; _____________________ develop into macrophages in the peripheral tissues

A

Monocytes

Bone marrow

Monocytes

63
Q

_____________________ are cell fragments involved in clotting

A

Platelets

64
Q

How long do platelets circulate?

A

9 to 12 days

65
Q

Platelets are produced via ________________________

A

Thrombocytopoiesis

66
Q

What organ removes platelets?

A

Spleen

67
Q

Platelets derive from ___________________, giant cells that manufactor platelets from their cytoplasms

A

Megakaryocytes

68
Q

What are the three functions of platelets?

A
  • (1) release of important clotting chemicals;
  • (2) temporary patch of damage to vessel walls; and
  • (3) contract tissue after clot formation
69
Q

An abnormally low platelet count is known as ______________________; and abnormally high platelet count is known as ____________________

A

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytosis

70
Q

How are blood samples fixed?

A

With alcohol

71
Q

What types of stains are used in blood tissue preparation?

A

Romanowsky-type (Giemsa, Wright)

72
Q

Basophilic organelles (DNA – nucleus, RNA – ribosomes) stain _____________________

A

Deep blue

73
Q

___________________ organelles (lysosomes, leukocyte granules) stain purple

A

Azurophilic

74
Q

Eosinophilic organelles (____________________) stain pink or red

A

Cytoplasm

75
Q

____________________ organelles (cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils) stain salmon or ____________

A

Neutrophilic

Lilac

Histology (18 decks)

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