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Histology > Chapter 5: Epithelial Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Epithelial Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

This tissue is composed of flattened, irregularly shaped cells that form a continuous surface and supported by an underlying basement membrane

It’s found in lining surfaces in passive transport (diffusion) of either gases (as in the lungs) or fluids (as in the walls of blood capillaries); forms lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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2
Q

This tissue type consists of cells perpendicular to the basement membrane that appear square with a round nucleus usually located within the center of the cell

These tissue cells usually line small ducts and tubules that may have excretory, secretory, or absorptive functions (e.g., collecting tubules in kidney, small excretory ducts in salivary glands)

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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3
Q

This tissue consists of cells perpendicular to the basement membrane that appear columnar and tall with elongated nuclei that may be located towards the base, center, or occasionally apex of cytoplasm (nucleus polarity)

They are generally found on absorptive surfaces (i.e., stomach)

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

This tissue type is found largely in the female reproductive tract and assists in the movement of fluid or minute particles

A

Simple columnar ciliated epithelium

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5
Q

The appearance of cells in this tissue conveys the wrong impression of more than one cell layer because each cell remains connected to the basement membrane

It is found almost exclusively in the airways of the respiratory system (often called respiratory epithelium)

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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6
Q

How can pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium be distinguished from stratified epithelium?

A
  1. Individual cells of pseudostratified epithelium demonstrate nucleus polarity
  2. Cilia are never present on true stratified epithelium
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7
Q

_____________________________ is defined as epithelium consisting of two or more layers with mainly protective function with the degree and nature of stratification related to physical stress exposure (generally ill-suited for absorption – thickness)

A

Stratified epithelium

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8
Q

This tissue consists of variable number of cell layers that exhibit maturation from a cuboidal basal layer to a flattened surface area

It’s adapted to withstand abrasion with plentiful cell junctions and intermediate filament (keratin) cytoskeleton (e.g., oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, uterine cervix, vagina)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

This tissue constitutes epithelial surface of skin (epidermis) and is adapted to withstand constant abrasion and dessication

It’s marked by intermediate (keratin) filaments cross-linked with proteins in keratinization, resulting in a tough, non-living surface layer

A

Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

This tissue consists usually of only two to three layers of cuboidal cells

It’s often confined to lining of larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

__________________ is found only in the urinary tracts of mammals, where specialized to withstand stretch and toxicity

A

Transitional epithelium

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12
Q

Intercellular junction type that controls paracellular diffusion and prevents exchange of intrinsic proteins and lipids between apical and basolateral plasma membrane

A

Tight junctions

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13
Q

What are the main protein components of tight junctions?

A

Claudins, occludins

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14
Q

What cytoskeleton connections do tight junctions make?

A

Actin microfilaments

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15
Q

Where are tight junctions found in epithelial cells?

A

At the luminal end of the lateral cell membrane

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16
Q

What are six characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Function as an interface tissue
  2. Exhibit polarity
  3. Avascular but innervated
  4. Supported by connective tissue
  5. Regenerative
  6. “Cellular” (little extracellular space)
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17
Q

When you skin your knee, what tissue bleeds?

A

Connective tissue - remember epithelial tissue is avascular and cannot bleed

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18
Q

What’s the name of the uppermost portion of the basal membrane?

A

Basal lamina

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19
Q

The basement membrane is composed of two layers. What are they?

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Reticular lamina
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20
Q

What are the four structural/functional domains of an epithelial cell?

A
  1. Apical
  2. Lateral
  3. Basal
  4. Basolateral
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21
Q

The _______________ surface is also called the “free surface” and borders the lumen or exterior surface

A

Apical

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22
Q

__________________ refers to the side surface that faces neighboring cells

A

Lateral

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23
Q

The __________________ surface is the bottom surface near the basal lamina

A

Basal

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24
Q

The _________________ surface is a subset of lateral surface that resides within the basal and lateral domains and covers “corners”

A

Basolateral

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25
What type of epithelium allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important and secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Simple squamous epithelium
26
What type of epithelium aids in secretion and aborption?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
27
What type of epithelium functions in absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; and when ciliated movement of mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
Simple columnar epithelium
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells secrete mucus
Goblet
29
What type of epithelium functions in secretion, particularly of mucus, and propulsion of mucus by ciliary but is present only in a few places in the body?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
30
What type of epithelium protects underlying tissues subjected to abrasion?
Stratified squamous epithelium
31
Where would non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina
32
Where would keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?
Epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
33
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of cells filling with keratin
Cornification or keratinization
34
In ________________________ stratified squamous epithelium, apical cells have squamous shape that retain nuclei and are often found in areas exposed to abrasion.
Non-cornified or non-keratinized
35
In _______________________ stratified squamous epithelium, apical cells retain shape but lack nuclei; cells are "dead," composed only of protein and lipid
Cornified or keratinized
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________________ epithelium functions in protection and lines the larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
37
What type of epithelium is found in the vas deferens and the pharynx?
Stratified columnar epithelium
38
What type of epithelium is a "true" stratified epithelium that can "stretch," thereby found in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra?
Transitional epithelium
39
What is distensibility?
Stretching
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome-shaped or squamous-like, depending on the degree of organ stretch
Transitional
41
In transitional epithelium, the top layer of squamous cells are also known as what?
Umbrella cells
42
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells have ciliar on their free surface that beat in synchrony to move substances over the epithelial sheet
Ciliated cells
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells are found in most epithelial layers; these specialized cells secrete substances onto the surface of the cell sheet
Secretory cells
44
On what surface of an epithelial cell would you find microvilli and stereocillia?
Apical surface
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are an actin-based extension of the plasma membrane that function to increase surface area and found throughout the body but most commonly in the small intestine and colon and the tubules of the kidney
Microvilli
46
Cells with microvilli are also called ______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Brush borders
47
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are actin-based microvilli that are very long and are located in the sensory cells of the inner ear and the male reproductive tract
Stereocillia
48
Where are two places in the male reproductive tract that stereocillia may be found?
Vas deferens Epididymis
49
Identify: Function: move secretions and foreign bodies away with a certain direction of rapid, wave-like motions from the hair-like structures that cover their free surfaces Location: Respiratory tract, Uterine tubes
Cilia
50
Cell ______________ function to adhere cells together and to prevent unwanted things from entering epithelial or connective tissues
Junctions
51
What are the five types of cell junctions discussed in class?
1. Tight junctions 2. Adherens junctions 3. Desmosomes 4. Gap junctions 5. Hemidesmosomes
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______________ seal neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them
Tight junctions
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______________ join an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell
Adherens junctions
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ join the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbor via plaques produced at the plasma membrane
Desmosomes
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______________ allow the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules, thereby functioning as a type of communication junction
Gap junctions
56
In tight junctions, members of the transmembrane protein families, the _________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, form tight links between adjacent cells
Claudins Occludins
57
What junctions hold cells together to withstand mechanical stress?
Anchoring junctions
58
How do anchoring junctions work to resist mechanical stress?
By transmitting the stress across the phospholipid bilayer; they're intergrated through the entire cell through cytoskeletal filaments
59
What are cilia?
CILIA are hair-like organelles that move secretions and foreign bodies away via a direction of rapid, wave-like motions
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are hair-like organelles that move secretions and foreign bodies away via a direction of rapid, wave-like motions and are most commonly located in the respiratory tract and uterine (fallopian) tubes
Cilia
61
Where are ciliated epithelial tissues often found?
Respiratory tract and uterine (fallopian) tubes
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are minute finger-like, *actin-based* *projections* of *the plasma membrane* that *increase* the *surface area* of a cell and are commonly found in the *small intestine* or *colon* and *kidney tubules*, areas where absorption occurs
Microvilli
63
What are stereocilia? Where are they found?
STEREOCILIA are extremely long microvilli usually found singly or in small numbers as sensory cells of the inner ear and in the vas deferens and epididymis of the male reproductive tract
64
What links adjacent or lateral surfaces of epithelial cells together to form a continuous, cohesive sheet?
Cell junctions
65
What type of junction seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules?
Occluding or tight junctions
66
What proteins are involved in tight junctions?
Claudins, occludins
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ *hold cells together* *to resist mechanical stress* by transmitting stress across the phospholipid bilayer’s *cytoskeletal* filaments via attachment of INTRACELLULAR ANCHOR PROTEINS to TRANSMEMBRANE ADHESION PROTEINS
Anchoring junctions
68
What type of junctions joins actin bundles in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell and present as a continuous belt below tight junctions?
Adherens junctions
69
What transmembrane protein is involved with adherens junctions?
Cadherins
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ link intermediate filaments of adjacent cells together as point contacts via protein plaques.
Desmosomes
71
What type of junction faciliates communication?
GAP junctions
72
GAP junctions are broad patches where adjacent plasma membranes are closely opposed, leaving a narrow intervening gap of __ to __ nm through which small molecules (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ molecular weight) and ions can pass
2 to 3 nm \<1000 MW
73
What junctions are regulated by calcium?
GAP junctions Adherens junctions
74
What proteins make up gap junctions?
Connexins
75
Connexins form cylindrical aqueous channels called _______________ at the gap junction site and may be homomeric or heteromeric
Connexons
76
What junctions bind the base of the cell to the underlying basement membrane?
Hemidesmosomes
77
How do hemidesmosomes bind to the basement membrane?
via binding of the epithelial *cell’s transmembrane protein* INTEGRIN to its *binding partner* LAMININ in the basal lamina, thereby linking the cell’s *intermediate filamen*t to the basement membrane
78
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are composed of *one or more cuboidal or columnar cells* specialized *to produce and secrete products* into ducts or body fluids
Glands
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands are “ductless” as they secrete hormones into the bloodstream and include many components of the endocrine system
Endocrine
80
What are exocrine glands?
They have “true ducts” as they secrete products “outside” or onto a surface
81
Sweat glands are also known as...?
Sudoriferous glands
82
Oil glands are also known as....
Sebaceous glands
83
How can exocrine glands be classified? (Hint - there are three ways)
1. Secretion type 2. Secretion pathway 3. Morphology
84
What are the two types of exocrine glands on the basis of secretion type?
Serous glands Mucous glands
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands secrete *watery* products with enzymes that function in *lubrication* (e.g., salivary glands)
Serous glands
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands secrete *mucus* products that function in *protection* in the digestive and respiratory systems
Mucous glands
87
What three types of exocrine glands are there on the basis of secretion pathway?
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
88
What type of gland releases watery, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis?
Merocrine glands
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands lose small portions of their apical cell bodies and cytoplasms during secretion
Apocrine glands
90
What types of glands are apocrine?
Some sweat glands Mammary glands Ear wax
91
What type of glands lyse in order to secrete?
Holocrine glands
92
What types of glands are holocrine?
Sebaceous
93
On the basis of morphology, exocrine glands can be separated according to duct arrangement. Duct system may be *unbranched* (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) or *branched* (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), tubular or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(*roughly spherical*)
Simple Compound Acinar
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands are *individual secretory cells* (e.g., goblet cells) that produce mucin and mucus while ______________ glands are *invaginated cellular sheets of an organ* and can be merocrine or holocrine (e.g., salivary glands, sebaceous glands)
Unicellular Multicelluar
95

Histology (18 decks)

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