Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Chapter 5: Epithelial Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Epithelial Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

This tissue is composed of flattened, irregularly shaped cells that form a continuous surface and supported by an underlying basement membrane

It’s found in lining surfaces in passive transport (diffusion) of either gases (as in the lungs) or fluids (as in the walls of blood capillaries); forms lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

A

Simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This tissue type consists of cells perpendicular to the basement membrane that appear square with a round nucleus usually located within the center of the cell

These tissue cells usually line small ducts and tubules that may have excretory, secretory, or absorptive functions (e.g., collecting tubules in kidney, small excretory ducts in salivary glands)

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This tissue consists of cells perpendicular to the basement membrane that appear columnar and tall with elongated nuclei that may be located towards the base, center, or occasionally apex of cytoplasm (nucleus polarity)

They are generally found on absorptive surfaces (i.e., stomach)

A

Simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This tissue type is found largely in the female reproductive tract and assists in the movement of fluid or minute particles

A

Simple columnar ciliated epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The appearance of cells in this tissue conveys the wrong impression of more than one cell layer because each cell remains connected to the basement membrane

It is found almost exclusively in the airways of the respiratory system (often called respiratory epithelium)

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium be distinguished from stratified epithelium?

A
  1. Individual cells of pseudostratified epithelium demonstrate nucleus polarity
  2. Cilia are never present on true stratified epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____________________________ is defined as epithelium consisting of two or more layers with mainly protective function with the degree and nature of stratification related to physical stress exposure (generally ill-suited for absorption – thickness)

A

Stratified epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This tissue consists of variable number of cell layers that exhibit maturation from a cuboidal basal layer to a flattened surface area

It’s adapted to withstand abrasion with plentiful cell junctions and intermediate filament (keratin) cytoskeleton (e.g., oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal, uterine cervix, vagina)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This tissue constitutes epithelial surface of skin (epidermis) and is adapted to withstand constant abrasion and dessication

It’s marked by intermediate (keratin) filaments cross-linked with proteins in keratinization, resulting in a tough, non-living surface layer

A

Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This tissue consists usually of only two to three layers of cuboidal cells

It’s often confined to lining of larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

__________________ is found only in the urinary tracts of mammals, where specialized to withstand stretch and toxicity

A

Transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intercellular junction type that controls paracellular diffusion and prevents exchange of intrinsic proteins and lipids between apical and basolateral plasma membrane

A

Tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main protein components of tight junctions?

A

Claudins, occludins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cytoskeleton connections do tight junctions make?

A

Actin microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are tight junctions found in epithelial cells?

A

At the luminal end of the lateral cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are six characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Function as an interface tissue
  2. Exhibit polarity
  3. Avascular but innervated
  4. Supported by connective tissue
  5. Regenerative
  6. “Cellular” (little extracellular space)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When you skin your knee, what tissue bleeds?

A

Connective tissue - remember epithelial tissue is avascular and cannot bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the name of the uppermost portion of the basal membrane?

A

Basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The basement membrane is composed of two layers. What are they?

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Reticular lamina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four structural/functional domains of an epithelial cell?

A
  1. Apical
  2. Lateral
  3. Basal
  4. Basolateral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The _______________ surface is also called the “free surface” and borders the lumen or exterior surface

A

Apical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

__________________ refers to the side surface that faces neighboring cells

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The __________________ surface is the bottom surface near the basal lamina

A

Basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The _________________ surface is a subset of lateral surface that resides within the basal and lateral domains and covers “corners”

A

Basolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of epithelium allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important and secretes lubricating substances in serosae

A

Simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of epithelium aids in secretion and aborption?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of epithelium functions in absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; and when ciliated movement of mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

A

Simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__________________ cells secrete mucus

A

Goblet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of epithelium functions in secretion, particularly of mucus, and propulsion of mucus by ciliary but is present only in a few places in the body?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of epithelium protects underlying tissues subjected to abrasion?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where would non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where would keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium be found in the body?

A

Epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______________________ is the process of cells filling with keratin

A

Cornification or keratinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In ________________________ stratified squamous epithelium, apical cells have squamous shape that retain nuclei and are often found in areas exposed to abrasion.

A

Non-cornified or non-keratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In _______________________ stratified squamous epithelium, apical cells retain shape but lack nuclei; cells are “dead,” composed only of protein and lipid

A

Cornified or keratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_________________ __________________ epithelium functions in protection and lines the larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the vas deferens and the pharynx?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of epithelium is a “true” stratified epithelium that can “stretch,” thereby found in the lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is distensibility?

A

Stretching

40
Q

_________________ epithelium resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome-shaped or squamous-like, depending on the degree of organ stretch

A

Transitional

41
Q

In transitional epithelium, the top layer of squamous cells are also known as what?

A

Umbrella cells

42
Q

____________________ cells have ciliar on their free surface that beat in synchrony to move substances over the epithelial sheet

A

Ciliated cells

43
Q

__________________ cells are found in most epithelial layers; these specialized cells secrete substances onto the surface of the cell sheet

A

Secretory cells

44
Q

On what surface of an epithelial cell would you find microvilli and stereocillia?

A

Apical surface

45
Q

____________________ are an actin-based extension of the plasma membrane that function to increase surface area and found throughout the body but most commonly in the small intestine and colon and the tubules of the kidney

A

Microvilli

46
Q

Cells with microvilli are also called ______________ _____________

A

Brush borders

47
Q

______________________ are actin-based microvilli that are very long and are located in the sensory cells of the inner ear and the male reproductive tract

A

Stereocillia

48
Q

Where are two places in the male reproductive tract that stereocillia may be found?

A

Vas deferens

Epididymis

49
Q

Identify:

Function: move secretions and foreign bodies away with a certain direction of rapid, wave-like motions from the hair-like structures that cover their free surfaces

Location: Respiratory tract, Uterine tubes

A

Cilia

50
Q

Cell ______________ function to adhere cells together and to prevent unwanted things from entering epithelial or connective tissues

A

Junctions

51
Q

What are the five types of cell junctions discussed in class?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adherens junctions
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Gap junctions
  5. Hemidesmosomes
52
Q

________________ _______________ seal neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

A

Tight junctions

53
Q

_________________ _______________ join an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell

A

Adherens junctions

54
Q

____________________ join the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbor via plaques produced at the plasma membrane

A

Desmosomes

55
Q

____________ ______________ allow the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules, thereby functioning as a type of communication junction

A

Gap junctions

56
Q

In tight junctions, members of the transmembrane protein families, the _________________ and ________________, form tight links between adjacent cells

A

Claudins

Occludins

57
Q

What junctions hold cells together to withstand mechanical stress?

A

Anchoring junctions

58
Q

How do anchoring junctions work to resist mechanical stress?

A

By transmitting the stress across the phospholipid bilayer; they’re intergrated through the entire cell through cytoskeletal filaments

59
Q

What are cilia?

A

CILIA are hair-like organelles that move secretions and foreign bodies away via a direction of rapid, wave-like motions

60
Q

______________ are hair-like organelles that move secretions and foreign bodies away via a direction of rapid, wave-like motions and are most commonly located in the respiratory tract and uterine (fallopian) tubes

A

Cilia

61
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial tissues often found?

A

Respiratory tract and uterine (fallopian) tubes

62
Q

_________________ are minute finger-like, actin-based projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of a cell and are commonly found in the small intestine or colon and kidney tubules, areas where absorption occurs

A

Microvilli

63
Q

What are stereocilia? Where are they found?

A

STEREOCILIA are extremely long microvilli usually found singly or in small numbers as sensory cells of the inner ear and in the vas deferens and epididymis of the male reproductive tract

64
Q

What links adjacent or lateral surfaces of epithelial cells together to form a continuous, cohesive sheet?

A

Cell junctions

65
Q

What type of junction seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules?

A

Occluding or tight junctions

66
Q

What proteins are involved in tight junctions?

A

Claudins, occludins

67
Q

____________________ hold cells together to resist mechanical stress by transmitting stress across the phospholipid bilayer’s cytoskeletal filaments via attachment of INTRACELLULAR ANCHOR PROTEINS to TRANSMEMBRANE ADHESION PROTEINS

A

Anchoring junctions

68
Q

What type of junctions joins actin bundles in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell and present as a continuous belt below tight junctions?

A

Adherens junctions

69
Q

What transmembrane protein is involved with adherens junctions?

A

Cadherins

70
Q

______________________ link intermediate filaments of adjacent cells together as point contacts via protein plaques.

A

Desmosomes

71
Q

What type of junction faciliates communication?

A

GAP junctions

72
Q

GAP junctions are broad patches where adjacent plasma membranes are closely opposed, leaving a narrow intervening gap of __ to __ nm through which small molecules (_______ molecular weight) and ions can pass

A

2 to 3 nm

<1000 MW

73
Q

What junctions are regulated by calcium?

A

GAP junctions

Adherens junctions

74
Q

What proteins make up gap junctions?

A

Connexins

75
Q

Connexins form cylindrical aqueous channels called _______________ at the gap junction site and may be homomeric or heteromeric

A

Connexons

76
Q

What junctions bind the base of the cell to the underlying basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

77
Q

How do hemidesmosomes bind to the basement membrane?

A

via binding of the epithelial cell’s transmembrane protein INTEGRIN to its binding partner LAMININ in the basal lamina, thereby linking the cell’s intermediate filament to the basement membrane

78
Q

______________ are composed of one or more cuboidal or columnar cells specialized to produce and secrete products into ducts or body fluids

A

Glands

79
Q

_________________ glands are “ductless” as they secrete hormones into the bloodstream and include many components of the endocrine system

A

Endocrine

80
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

They have “true ducts” as they secrete products “outside” or onto a surface

81
Q

Sweat glands are also known as…?

A

Sudoriferous glands

82
Q

Oil glands are also known as….

A

Sebaceous glands

83
Q

How can exocrine glands be classified? (Hint - there are three ways)

A
  1. Secretion type
  2. Secretion pathway
  3. Morphology
84
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands on the basis of secretion type?

A

Serous glands

Mucous glands

85
Q

_________________ glands secrete watery products with enzymes that function in lubrication (e.g., salivary glands)

A

Serous glands

86
Q

_____________ glands secrete mucus products that function in protection in the digestive and respiratory systems

A

Mucous glands

87
Q

What three types of exocrine glands are there on the basis of secretion pathway?

A

Merocrine

Apocrine

Holocrine

88
Q

What type of gland releases watery, protein-rich fluids by exocytosis?

A

Merocrine glands

89
Q

_________________ glands lose small portions of their apical cell bodies and cytoplasms during secretion

A

Apocrine glands

90
Q

What types of glands are apocrine?

A

Some sweat glands

Mammary glands

Ear wax

91
Q

What type of glands lyse in order to secrete?

A

Holocrine glands

92
Q

What types of glands are holocrine?

A

Sebaceous

93
Q

On the basis of morphology, exocrine glands can be separated according to duct arrangement. Duct system may be unbranched (_____________) or branched (______________), tubular or _____________(roughly spherical)

A

Simple

Compound

Acinar

94
Q

_________________ glands are individual secretory cells (e.g., goblet cells) that produce mucin and mucus while ______________ glands are invaginated cellular sheets of an organ and can be merocrine or holocrine (e.g., salivary glands, sebaceous glands)

A

Unicellular

Multicelluar

95
Q
A

Histology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions