Nervous System Flashcards
The nervous system includes which 2 systems
CNS and PNS
what is responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input
CNS
what is responsible for intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion
CNS
what provides sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands away from the CMS
PNS
the PNS can be divided into the
afferent division and efferent division
where does the afferent division of the PNS start and end
receptor to CNS
where does the efferent division of the PNS start and end
CNS to effector
what is the layer of gray matter on the surface of the brain
neural cortex
the center is a group of
neuron cell bodies in the CNS sharing a common function
the ____ is a CNS center with distinct anatomical boundaries + where neurons synapse
nucleus
a tract is a ____ of axons within the ____ sharing a common origin, destination, and function
bundle
CNS
what is a group of tracts found within a specific region of the spinal chord
column
what is a ganglion
an anatomically distinct collection of neuron cell bodies within the PNS
what is a nerve
a bundle of axons in the PNS
efferent PNS can be divided into
SNS and ANS
the ANS can be divided into
parasympathetic and sympathetic
afferent can be divided into
somatic and visceral
what composes gray matter
cell bodies
what composes white matter
myelinated axons
what are neuroglia
supporting cells that interact with neurons to regulate extracellular environment, defend against pathogens, and repair nervous tissue
a rapid, stereotyped response
reflex
what term pertains to the control of skeletal muscles
somatic
relating to centres in the brain that operate outside a person’s conscious awareness
subconscious
2 cell types of nervous tissue
neurons
neuroglia
affectt another neuron or effector organ
axon terminals
excitability means
the ability of a PM to respond to an adequate stimulus and generate an action potential
the uneven distribution of charge across the PM
membrane potential
level of stimuli to cause a change in membrane permeability
threshold stimulus
impulse will _____ the length of the axon
propagate
a fast impulse is seen with
myelinated axons with a large diameter
which is faster: an axon with a small diameter or larger diameter
larger
which is slower: an unmyelinated axon with small diameter or a myelinated axon with large diameter
unmyelinated with small diameter
ion channel conformation change types
conformation change in one region
general structural change
blocking particle
what is the conformational change of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
general structural change
what is the conformational change of voltage gated Na+ channels
blocking particles
types of ion channel gating
ligand gated
phosphorylation gated (GP gated)
voltage gated
mechanically gated
pressure receptors in the skin (sensory afferents) are an example of _____ gated channels
mechanically
dendrites and soma are ___ gated or ____ gated
ligand or phosphorylation gated
where can you find voltage gated ion channels
axon, axon hillock, terminal
what are the largest neuroglia that make up the blood brain barrier
astrocytes
what forms the myelin sheath
oligodendrocytes
microglia are
phagocytic cells of the CNS
which neuroglia of the CNS are involved in CSF production
ependymal cells
what makes up the ependyma
ependymal cells
what are the 4 neuroglia of the CNS
astrocytes
oligodendrocites
microglia
ependymal cells
what shape are ependymal cells
simple cuboidal epithelial cells
cell bodies of the PNS are clustered in
ganglia
axons of the PNS are bundled together to form
peripheral nerves
2 neuroglia types of the PNS
satellite cells
schwann cells
what neuroglia surrounds cell bodies in the PNS
satellite cells
what neuroglia surrounds axons in the PNS
schwann cells
what are schwann cells made of
axolemma/ neurolemma
satellite cells are similar to
astrocytes
schwann cells are similar to
oligodendroglia
what are neurolemmocytes
schwann cells
internode
the portion of myelinated nerve axon
how does the schwann cell myelinate a peripheral axon
rotates around it, with cytoplasm and nucleus being forced into the outer most region
which system makes routine adjustments in our body’s systems
ANS
which system regulates body temperature and coordinates cardio, respi, digestive, excretory, and repro functions
ANS
ANS iss involuntary at
smooth muscle, glands, and guts
somatic are voluntary at
skeletal muscle
afferent pathways of the ANS originate in
visceral sensory receptors
Somatic has a ___ neuron between the CNS and skeletal muscle while the ANS has ____ neurons between CNS and effector
single
2 (pre and postganglions)
dorsal and ventral roots merge to form the
spinal nerve
segments of spinal nerves
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, 1 coccygeal segment
order of neurons in ANS
commands carried from spinal cord by preganglionic neurons
synapse onto postganglionic neurons
postganglionic neurons synapse onto effectors
cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are where
thoracic and lumbar (gray matter)
thoracolumbar division
cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are in the
brainstem (cranial nerve) or grey matter of sacral segments
what is the parasympathetic division also called
craniosacral division
most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release
NE
cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
the adrenal medulla is considered the postganglionic neuron and releases
adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood
where does the preganglionic neuron go to the ganglion from
white ramus
where does the postganglionic neuron leave the ganglion from
gray ramus
what is the row of ganglion running along the spinal chord for the sympathetic system called
sympathetic chain
T or F: preganglionic nerves entering a ganglion can also innervate other ganglia further up or down the chain to simultaneously activate different targets
T
the parasympathetic division sees a _____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron
long
short
all postganglionic fibers for the parasympathetic division release
ACh
effect is usually inhibitory
preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division symapse onto
intramural ganglia within the tissues of the target organs
or
on neurons of terminal ganglia close to target organs
how is ACh made
choline + acetyl CoA
choline acetyltransferase catalyzed
what breaks down ACh
acethylcholinesterase
how are catecholamines made
tyrosine to LDOPA to DOPA to NE to E
what does NE released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons act on
alpha and beta receptors of the heart and blood vessels
alpha 1 receptors are coupled to
Gq
alpha 2 receptors are coupled to
Gi
beta 1 receptors are coupled to
Gs
beta 2 receptors are coupled to
Gs
beta 3 receptors are found in
adipose tissue
beta 3 are coupled to
Gs
presynaptic receptors regulate
release of NT from presynaptic cell
2 classes of receptors
ionotropic and metabotropic
myasthenia gravis is an
autoimmune disease where there is less ACH receptors
what drug is used to treat myasthenia gravis, how?
pyridostigmine
prevents breakdown of ACH by inhibiting AChE
