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PHARM 204 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system includes which 2 systems

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

what is responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input

A

CNS

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3
Q

what is responsible for intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

A

CNS

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4
Q

what provides sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands away from the CMS

A

PNS

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5
Q

the PNS can be divided into the

A

afferent division and efferent division

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6
Q

where does the afferent division of the PNS start and end

A

receptor to CNS

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7
Q

where does the efferent division of the PNS start and end

A

CNS to effector

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8
Q

what is the layer of gray matter on the surface of the brain

A

neural cortex

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9
Q

the center is a group of

A

neuron cell bodies in the CNS sharing a common function

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10
Q

the ____ is a CNS center with distinct anatomical boundaries + where neurons synapse

A

nucleus

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11
Q

a tract is a ____ of axons within the ____ sharing a common origin, destination, and function

A

bundle

CNS

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12
Q

what is a group of tracts found within a specific region of the spinal chord

A

column

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13
Q

what is a ganglion

A

an anatomically distinct collection of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

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14
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS

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15
Q

efferent PNS can be divided into

A

SNS and ANS

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16
Q

the ANS can be divided into

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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17
Q

afferent can be divided into

A

somatic and visceral

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18
Q

what composes gray matter

A

cell bodies

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19
Q

what composes white matter

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

what are neuroglia

A

supporting cells that interact with neurons to regulate extracellular environment, defend against pathogens, and repair nervous tissue

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21
Q

a rapid, stereotyped response

A

reflex

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22
Q

what term pertains to the control of skeletal muscles

A

somatic

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23
Q

relating to centres in the brain that operate outside a person’s conscious awareness

A

subconscious

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24
Q

2 cell types of nervous tissue

A

neurons

neuroglia

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25
Q

affectt another neuron or effector organ

A

axon terminals

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26
Q

excitability means

A

the ability of a PM to respond to an adequate stimulus and generate an action potential

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27
Q

the uneven distribution of charge across the PM

A

membrane potential

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28
Q

level of stimuli to cause a change in membrane permeability

A

threshold stimulus

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29
Q

impulse will _____ the length of the axon

A

propagate

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30
Q

a fast impulse is seen with

A

myelinated axons with a large diameter

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31
Q

which is faster: an axon with a small diameter or larger diameter

A

larger

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32
Q

which is slower: an unmyelinated axon with small diameter or a myelinated axon with large diameter

A

unmyelinated with small diameter

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33
Q

ion channel conformation change types

A

conformation change in one region
general structural change
blocking particle

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34
Q

what is the conformational change of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

A

general structural change

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35
Q

what is the conformational change of voltage gated Na+ channels

A

blocking particles

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36
Q

types of ion channel gating

A

ligand gated
phosphorylation gated (GP gated)
voltage gated
mechanically gated

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37
Q

pressure receptors in the skin (sensory afferents) are an example of _____ gated channels

A

mechanically

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38
Q

dendrites and soma are ___ gated or ____ gated

A

ligand or phosphorylation gated

39
Q

where can you find voltage gated ion channels

A

axon, axon hillock, terminal

40
Q

what are the largest neuroglia that make up the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

41
Q

what forms the myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

42
Q

microglia are

A

phagocytic cells of the CNS

43
Q

which neuroglia of the CNS are involved in CSF production

A

ependymal cells

44
Q

what makes up the ependyma

A

ependymal cells

45
Q

what are the 4 neuroglia of the CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocites
microglia
ependymal cells

46
Q

what shape are ependymal cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

47
Q

cell bodies of the PNS are clustered in

A

ganglia

48
Q

axons of the PNS are bundled together to form

A

peripheral nerves

49
Q

2 neuroglia types of the PNS

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

50
Q

what neuroglia surrounds cell bodies in the PNS

A

satellite cells

51
Q

what neuroglia surrounds axons in the PNS

A

schwann cells

52
Q

what are schwann cells made of

A

axolemma/ neurolemma

53
Q

satellite cells are similar to

A

astrocytes

54
Q

schwann cells are similar to

A

oligodendroglia

55
Q

what are neurolemmocytes

A

schwann cells

56
Q

internode

A

the portion of myelinated nerve axon

57
Q

how does the schwann cell myelinate a peripheral axon

A

rotates around it, with cytoplasm and nucleus being forced into the outer most region

58
Q

which system makes routine adjustments in our body’s systems

A

ANS

59
Q

which system regulates body temperature and coordinates cardio, respi, digestive, excretory, and repro functions

A

ANS

60
Q

ANS iss involuntary at

A

smooth muscle, glands, and guts

61
Q

somatic are voluntary at

A

skeletal muscle

62
Q

afferent pathways of the ANS originate in

A

visceral sensory receptors

63
Q

Somatic has a ___ neuron between the CNS and skeletal muscle while the ANS has ____ neurons between CNS and effector

A

single

2 (pre and postganglions)

64
Q

dorsal and ventral roots merge to form the

A

spinal nerve

65
Q

segments of spinal nerves

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, 1 coccygeal segment

66
Q

order of neurons in ANS

A

commands carried from spinal cord by preganglionic neurons
synapse onto postganglionic neurons
postganglionic neurons synapse onto effectors

67
Q

cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are where

A

thoracic and lumbar (gray matter)

thoracolumbar division

68
Q

cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are in the

A

brainstem (cranial nerve) or grey matter of sacral segments

69
Q

what is the parasympathetic division also called

A

craniosacral division

70
Q

most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release

A

NE

71
Q

cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

72
Q

the adrenal medulla is considered the postganglionic neuron and releases

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood

73
Q

where does the preganglionic neuron go to the ganglion from

A

white ramus

74
Q

where does the postganglionic neuron leave the ganglion from

A

gray ramus

75
Q

what is the row of ganglion running along the spinal chord for the sympathetic system called

A

sympathetic chain

76
Q

T or F: preganglionic nerves entering a ganglion can also innervate other ganglia further up or down the chain to simultaneously activate different targets

A

T

77
Q

the parasympathetic division sees a _____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron

A

long

short

78
Q

all postganglionic fibers for the parasympathetic division release

A

ACh

effect is usually inhibitory

79
Q

preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division symapse onto

A

intramural ganglia within the tissues of the target organs
or
on neurons of terminal ganglia close to target organs

80
Q

how is ACh made

A

choline + acetyl CoA

choline acetyltransferase catalyzed

81
Q

what breaks down ACh

A

acethylcholinesterase

82
Q

how are catecholamines made

A

tyrosine to LDOPA to DOPA to NE to E

83
Q

what does NE released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons act on

A

alpha and beta receptors of the heart and blood vessels

84
Q

alpha 1 receptors are coupled to

A

Gq

85
Q

alpha 2 receptors are coupled to

A

Gi

86
Q

beta 1 receptors are coupled to

A

Gs

87
Q

beta 2 receptors are coupled to

A

Gs

88
Q

beta 3 receptors are found in

A

adipose tissue

89
Q

beta 3 are coupled to

A

Gs

90
Q

presynaptic receptors regulate

A

release of NT from presynaptic cell

91
Q

2 classes of receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

92
Q

myasthenia gravis is an

A

autoimmune disease where there is less ACH receptors

93
Q

what drug is used to treat myasthenia gravis, how?

A

pyridostigmine

prevents breakdown of ACH by inhibiting AChE

PHARM 204 (17 decks)

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