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PHARM 204 > CELL > Flashcards

CELL Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of cells in the body

A

sex cells and somatic cells

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2
Q

the cytoplasm consists of

A

cytosol + organelles

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3
Q

4 major functions of the PM

A
  1. physical barrier
  2. regulates exchange of material with the environment
  3. shows sensitivity to respond to changes in the ECF
  4. provides cell to cell communication, adhesion, and structural support
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4
Q

4 components of PM

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. proteins
  3. glycolipids
  4. sterols
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5
Q

glycoproteins and glycolipids form the

A

GLYCOCALYX COATING

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6
Q

function of glycocalyx

A

protection

helps cells survive in stressful environments

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7
Q

are glycolipids and gllycoproteins on the inner or outer layer

A

outer

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8
Q

what type of protein can be channels

A

integral proteins

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9
Q

peripheral proteins can be on the inside or outer layer T or F

A

T

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10
Q

glycolipids are associated only with the _____ and many serve as ___

A

outer layer

receptors

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11
Q

what stabilizes the cell membrane structure

A

sterols

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12
Q

membrane allows some material to pass through while inhibiting other material from crossing

A

selectively permeable

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13
Q

nothing passes

A

impermeable

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14
Q

are endocytosis and exocytosis passie or active

A

active

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15
Q

3 forms of passive transport

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

osmolarity

A

total concentration of solute particles in solution

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17
Q

most diffusion of water occurs through

A

aquaporins

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18
Q

a hyperosmotic solution has

A

high osmolarity

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19
Q

a hypotonic solution ___ water relative to the cell

A

loses

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20
Q

solutes are passively transported across a PM by a carrier protein

A

facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

the cytoskeleton consists of

A

MT and MF

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22
Q

microvilli contain

A

microfilaments

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23
Q

what increases the SA/V ratio of a cell

A

microvilli

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24
Q

what are centrosomes made of

A

2 centriolles = 9 MT triplets

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25
Q

cilia function

A

move cell

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26
Q

cilia made of

A

MT doublets in a 9+2 array

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27
Q

ribosomes are

A

RNA + protein

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28
Q

what is a network of channels through the cytoplasm

A

ER

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29
Q

what removes damaged organelles or pathogens

A

lysosomes

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30
Q

what catabolizes fats and neutralizes toxic compounds

A

peroxisomes

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31
Q

what synthesizes proteins

A

ribosomes

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32
Q

osmosis

A

water molecules moving down a concentration gradient

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33
Q

can facilitated diffusion be unidirectional

A

yes, but can also be bidirectional depending on conc gradient

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34
Q

what facilitates transport of glucose

A

GLUT4

35
Q

active transport uses

A

exchange pumps

36
Q

pinocytosis

A

small molecules + ECF

37
Q

phagocytosis

A

solid paticles

38
Q

phagosomes fuse with ___ to form ____

A

lysosome

phagolysosome

39
Q

what removes waste products from cell and recycles membrane components to PM

A

exocytosis

40
Q

polar molecules require ___ or __ to cross membrane

A

ion channels or mediated transport

41
Q

molecules bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

42
Q

exocytosis requires ATP and ___ __ for movement

A

calcium ions

43
Q

what absorb material from ECF

A

microvilli

44
Q

posttranscriptional processing of pre-mRNA

A

splicing to remove introns

45
Q

processed mRNA is selectively transported through ____ to go into the cytosol

A

nuclear pores

46
Q

nuclear pores allow mRNA out and ___ ___ in

A

transcription factors

47
Q

what catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

A

peptidyl transferase

48
Q

translation of ___ results in binding to signal recognition protein which binds to receptor protein on rough ER

A

leader sequence (signal sequence)

49
Q

if there is no leader sequence, the protein will remain in the

A

cytosol

50
Q

detoxifies + metabolism functions is the ____ ER

A

smooth

51
Q

those proteins to be integrated into mitochondria or peroxisomes are synthesized in the

A

cytosol, then are directly taken to their organelles (do not go through rough ER)

52
Q

those destined for secretion are syntheized

A

on rough ER (not like mitochondria and peroxisomes that the ribosomes go directly to)

53
Q

is calmodulin a secondary messenger

A

no

54
Q

hydrophilic messengers bind to receptors on the

A

PM

55
Q

the cytosol has a higher concentration of ___ than ___ ions

A

potassium than sodium

56
Q

the cell cytosol has a net __ charge

A

-

57
Q

the cytoskeleton has 4 parts

A

microfilaments
IF
thick filaments
microtubules

58
Q

microfilaments are made of

A

actin protein

59
Q

what component of the cytoskeleton is used for anchoring and stabilization

A

microfilaments

60
Q

what part of the cytoskeleton provides strength + stability and transports materials within the cytosol

A

IF

61
Q

____ support the axons of nerves

A

neurofilaments (IF)

62
Q

thick filaments are composed of

A

myosin protein

63
Q

microtubules are made of

A

tubulin protein

64
Q

what is the main component of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

65
Q

what moves organelles inside the cell, change the shape of the cell, forms centrioles

A

microtubules

66
Q

peroxisomes contain ___ to break down H2O2

A

catalase

67
Q

paracrine

A

neighbouring

68
Q

endocrine

A

through blood - long range

69
Q

hormones are transported through the

A

blood

70
Q

drugs with intracellular receptors are lipo___

A

philic

71
Q

receptors in PM (3)

A

ion channel
enzyme, or directly activates an enzyme
GPLR

72
Q

2 double layered organelles

A

mitochondria and nucleus

73
Q

tyrosine kinases ___ proteins in the cell

A

phosphorylates

74
Q

Gs stimulates

A

AC to convert ATP to cAMP

75
Q

deactivation of alpha subunit occurs when

A

subunit hydrolyzes GTP to GDP

76
Q

Gi

A

inhibits AC

77
Q

cAMP activates

A

PKA

78
Q

Gq results in

A

alpha subunit activating PLC which converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG

79
Q

IP3 moves to the cytosol and stimulates release of

A

Ca2+ from ER

80
Q

DAG activates PKC which

A

phosphorylates proteins

81
Q

increasng Ca2+ can cause

A

muscle contraction

secretion

82
Q

Ca2+ as a 2nd messenger

A

binds to calmodulin - complex activates a protein kinase

83
Q

cGMP is produced from _____ by _____

A

GTP

guanylate cyclases

84
Q

cGMP activates

A

PKG

PHARM 204 (17 decks)

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