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PHARM 204 > Hard Final Material > Flashcards

Hard Final Material Flashcards

1
Q

vibrissae are

A

nose hairs

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2
Q

pharynx is lined with

A

stratified squamous cells

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3
Q

what contains the pharyngeal arch and uvula

A

oropharynx

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4
Q

upper resp system includes

A

nasal cavity
nose
paranasal sinuses
pharynx

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5
Q

nasal cavity separated into L and R cavity by

A

nasal septum

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6
Q

lining of trachea consists of (layers)

A

mucosa or mucous membrane

submucosa

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7
Q

trachea branches at the

A

carina

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8
Q

main bronchus enters the lungs at the

A

hilum

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9
Q

combination of bronchus, artery, and vein

A

root

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10
Q

what extra fissure does the RL have

A

horizontal

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11
Q

which bronchi have hyaline cartilage plates as support

A

lobular and segmental

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12
Q

where does cartilage end in resp system

A

bronchioles

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13
Q

lining oc alveoli is a ______ of ________ cells

A

single layer of squamous

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14
Q

4 layers of the digestive tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serosa

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15
Q

oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus are lined with

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells

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16
Q

stomach, SI, and LI lined with

A

simple columnar cells

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17
Q

narrow band of smooth muscle at border of mucosa

A

muscularis mucosae

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18
Q

the submucosa of the digestive tract is ___ connective tissue

A

areolar

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19
Q

submucosal neural plexus innervate the

A

mucosa

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20
Q

GI nerve plexi

A

submucosal + myenteric

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21
Q

what forms sphincters with SMC in GI

A

muscular layer

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22
Q

the serosa is only found in the

A

peritoneal cavity

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23
Q

what extends between the soft palate and base of tongue

A

palatoglossal arch

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24
Q

saliva consists of

A

water, ions, buffers, and salivary amylase

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25
Q

the esophagus enters the peritoneal cavity by passing through the __________ of the diaphragm

A

esophageal hiatus

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26
Q

mucosa epithelium is

A

stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

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27
Q

______ is thin near the pharynx and gets thicker towards the stomach

A

muscularis mucosae

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28
Q

osseous tissue made up of

A

matrix, collagen type 1, bone cells

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29
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells found

A

innermost layer of the periosteum

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30
Q

steps of bone remodelling

A 
activation
resorption
reversal
formation
quiescence
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31
Q

what controls mineralization of the matrix

A

osteoblasts

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32
Q

matrix vesicles budded from osteoblast surface and dep within osteoid

A

nucleation

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33
Q

deposition of calcium ions into bone tissue

A

calcification

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34
Q

development of limb bones, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pelvic girdle

A

endochondrial ossification

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35
Q

what forms spongy bone

A

intramem ossification

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36
Q

what makes up the matrix of cartilage

A

collagen type 2
elastin
proteoglycans

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37
Q

is cartilage innervated or vascularized

A

no

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38
Q

cambium layer

A

inner layer of the periosteum

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39
Q

appositional growth forms

A

circumferential lamellae and osteons

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40
Q

vit A stimulates

A

osteoblasts

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41
Q

3 actions of PTH

A

stimulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts
increases SI Ca2+ abs
decreases kidney Ca2+ loss

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42
Q

what releases calcitonin

A

thyroid

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43
Q

flat bone layers

A

external and internal table with dipoe (spongy bone) inside

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44
Q

canals are

A

openings

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45
Q

a tubercle is a

A

projection

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46
Q

yellow marrow is found in the

A

medullary cavity

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47
Q

what stimulates osteoblast differentiation

A

vit c

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48
Q

skull bones, aud ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage are part of the ____ skeleton

A

axial

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49
Q

how many face bones

A

14

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50
Q

sphenoid and ethmoid are ____ bones

A

cranium bones

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51
Q

how many cranium bones

A

8

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52
Q

does the hyoid bone articulate with bones

A

no

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53
Q

sutures and associated cranium bones form the

A

calvaria

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54
Q

what forms the superior portion of the nasal septum and conchae

A

the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

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55
Q

what has the sella turcica

A

sphenoid

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56
Q

2 bones making up roof of mouth

A

palatine bones

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57
Q

nasal bones articular with the

A

frontal bone

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58
Q

the zygomatic bones form the

A

zygomatic arch

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59
Q

zygomatic bones articulate with the

A

temporal bone

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60
Q

vertebral bodies are separate from each other by a pad of cartilage called the

A

intervertebral disc

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61
Q

the lamina is close to the _____ process

A

spinous

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62
Q

what is C1

A

atlas

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63
Q

what binds the dens on C2 to C1

A

transverse ligament

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64
Q

lumbar vertebra have a ____ body than thoracic vertebra

A

larger

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65
Q

one sacrum is ___ fused vertebrae

A

5

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66
Q

coccyx consists of the

A

coccygeal cornua

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67
Q

vertebrosternal connect to sternum by

A

costal cartilages

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68
Q

how many pairs of ribs

A

12

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69
Q

which bone process is an expanded articular end of the epiphysis, often separated from the diaphysis by a narrower neck

A

head

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70
Q

softening of bones

A

osteomalacia

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71
Q

layers of cutaneous membrane

A

epidermis and dermis

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72
Q

what synthesizes vit D3

A

epidermis

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73
Q

dermal layers

A

papillary and reticular

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74
Q

subcutaneous layer is also called the

A

hypodermis, superficial fascia

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75
Q

4 cells types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells

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76
Q

skin surfaces that lack hair contain

A

merkel cells

77
Q

spinosum cells

A

keratinocytes
tonofibrils
langerhands

78
Q

____ forms the dermal ridges

A

stratum germinativum

79
Q

what are fingerprints

A

dermal papillae + dermal ridges from stratum germinativum

80
Q

which dermal layer has more dense connective tissue

A

reticular

81
Q

what layer do you find hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

A

reticular

82
Q

___ fibers allow skin to stretch, ___ fibers provide tensile strength, when ___ fibers snap stretch marks are formed

A

elastic
collagen
reticular

83
Q

collagen and elastic fibers organize themselves in a parallel pattern, called

A

tension lines

84
Q

2 blood supply to skin

A

cutaneous and subpapillary

85
Q

covers most of body

A

vellus

86
Q

hair growth cycle

A

active, regression, resting, reactivation

87
Q

special apocrine glands

A

ceruminous and mammary

88
Q

which end is the hyponychium

A

free end

89
Q

glands of conjunctiva

A

tarsal and lacrimal caruncle

90
Q

the conjunctiva covers

A

the inside lining of the eyelids

91
Q

what layer of the eye secretes and reabsorbs aqueous fluid

A

vascular

92
Q

ciliary body controls ___ while iris controls ___

A

lens

pupil

93
Q

otic route is

A

ear drops

94
Q

otitis media

A

middle ear infection

95
Q

external acoustic meatus has _____ glands

A

ceruminous

96
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

auditory tube

97
Q

vestibular complex consists of

A

semicircular ducts
utricle and saccule

with bony and mem labyrinth with peri and endolymph

98
Q

spiral ganglion are associated with

A

CN VIII

99
Q

scala media is also called the

A

cochlear duct

100
Q

what contains the organ of corti

A

scala media

101
Q

tyrosine hormones

A

thyroid

adrenal medulla

102
Q

steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

repro hormones

103
Q

steroid hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

104
Q

eicosanoids are derived from

A

arachidonic acid

105
Q

what secretes MSH

A

pars intermedia

106
Q

5 cells types of adenohypophysis

A

thyrotropes, corticotropes, gonadotrophs, lactotrophs, somatotrophs

107
Q

FSH releases ___ in females

A

estrogen

108
Q

LH targets ____ in males to secrete _____

A

interstitial cells

testosterone

109
Q

GH targets general cells, skeletal muscles, and

A

liver cells to release somatomedins

110
Q

2 neurosecretions

A

ADH and OXT

111
Q

what secretes thyroglobulin

A

T thyrocytes

112
Q

what secretes calcitonin

A

C thyrocytes in thyroid

113
Q

T3 and t 4 are synthesized by ____ on the apical side of thyrocytes

A

thyroid peroxidase

114
Q

calcitriol acts ono

A

SI to increase Ca2+ absorption

115
Q

adrenal glands are vascularized from

A

renal artery, inferior phrenic, middle suprarenal artery

116
Q

zona fasciculata secretions target the

A

liver

117
Q

what converts angiotensinogen to AG1

A

renin

118
Q

ANP actions

A

inhibits ADH and aldosterone

119
Q

ANP released in response to

A

high BP in right atrium

120
Q

interstitial cells in males release

A

testosterone

121
Q

corpus luteaum releases

A

P, E, relaxin

122
Q

inhibin inhibits

A

anterior lobe from secreting FSH

123
Q

3 layers of connective tissue that protect the kidneys

A

fibrous capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia

124
Q

what veins/ arteries line the junction between the medulla and cortex

A

arcuate

125
Q

renal corpuscle consists of

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

126
Q

afferent and efferent kidney arterioles form the

A

vascular pole

127
Q

at what point is filtrate called urine

A

minor calyxes

128
Q

type of epithelium in minor and major calyxes and renal pelvis

A

transitional

129
Q

peritoneal folds that assist in maintaining the position of urinary bladder

A

median and lateral umbilical ligaments

130
Q

smooth muscle layer of bladder is called the

A

detrusor

131
Q

urethra to external urethral orifice epithelium

A

stratified squamous

132
Q

storage is ___ activity, which ___ detrusor muscle and ____ internal and external sphincters

A

sympathetic
inhibits
contracts

133
Q

fetus is > _ months

A

2

134
Q

embryo is sexually indifferent in < _ weeks

A

2

135
Q

granulosa cells are the targets of

A

estrogen and FSH

136
Q

thickest layer of the uterus is the

A

myometrium

137
Q

secondary follicles have an

A

antrum

138
Q

corona radiata develops during the

A

late antral stage

139
Q

GnRh surge =

A

LH surge = ovulation = graafian follicle ruptures + enters fimbrae

140
Q

fetal component of placenta

A

chorionic villi

141
Q

colostrum contains

A

proteins, few nutrients

142
Q

patella

A

knee bone

143
Q

pectoral girdle consists of

A

clavicle and scapula

144
Q

girdle with greatest range of motion

A

pectoral

145
Q

clavicle articulares with the acromion of the _____ at the acromio-clavicular joint

A

scapula

146
Q

the ____ articulates with the ___ at the glenoid cavity

A

humerus and scapula

147
Q

the coracoid process is for the _____, while the acromion is for the ____

A

humerus

clavicle

148
Q

are tarsals hands or feet

A

feet

149
Q

what is inbetween the ulna and radius

A

interosseous membrane

150
Q

is the ulnar head proximal or distal

A

distal

151
Q

is the radial head proximal or distal

A

proximal

152
Q

each coxal bone is made of

A

3 fused bony parts
illium
ischium
pubis

153
Q

pelvic inlet is between the

A

pelvic brim

154
Q

pelvic outlet is between

A

ischial spine

155
Q

in F, what is the difference in pelvic anat

A

wider pelvic outler and inlet
less sacrum curve
greater pubic angle

156
Q

tibia is ___ to the fibula

A

medial

157
Q

fibula is ___ to the tibia

A

lateral

158
Q

joints are where

A

2 bones meet

159
Q

synarthrosis

A

not moveable

160
Q

diarthrosis

A

free- usually synovial joints

161
Q

what fuses the 3 coxal bones

A

synostosis

162
Q

menisci are

A

fibrocartilage cushions in diarthroses

163
Q

what is stronger, diarthroses or synarthrosis

A

synarthrosis

164
Q

ligaments ___ stabilize while tendons ___ stabilize

A

passive

active

165
Q

enthesis

A

bone ligament insertion

166
Q

flat sacs of synovial membrane

A

bursae

167
Q

where are bursae

A

where moving structures are close together

168
Q

subcutaneous bursae

A

between skin and bone

169
Q

inflammation of bursa sacs

A

bursitis

170
Q

subacromial and subcoracoid bursae

A

cushion between acromion/ coracoid process and joint capsule

171
Q

subdeltoid and subscapular bursae

A

cushion between deltoid and greater trochanter

172
Q

muscules of sholder joint that stabilize it

A

rotator cuff

173
Q

blood vessels around joints are

A

mesh like

174
Q

proprioception are

A

larger myelinated nerve endings

175
Q

smaller unmyelinated are used for

A

nociception and vasomotor effects on blood vessels

176
Q

pain and stiffness affecting skeletal and/ or muscular system

A

rheumatism

177
Q

all rheumatic diseases that affect the synovial joints + damage to articular cartilages

A

arthritis

178
Q

which muscle type is branched

A

cardiac

179
Q

what muscle has intercalated discs

A

cardiac

180
Q

what covers a muscle fiber

A

endomysium

181
Q

what covers a muscle fasicle

A

perimysium

182
Q

what covers a skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

183
Q

blood vessels that innervate muscles are

A

coiled

184
Q

nerves that innervate the muscle penetrate the

A

epimysium

185
Q

alpha motor neurons are found in

A

ventral horn

186
Q

which fibers are larger in diameter- fast or slow

A

fast

187
Q

cytosol of muscle cell

A

sarcoplasm

188
Q

what surrounds myofilaments

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

189
Q

what holds F actin strands together

A

nebulin

PHARM 204 (17 decks)

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