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FunMed Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

describe the division of the nervous system

A

there is the CNS and the PNS

  • CNS divides into the brain and spinal cord
  • PNS divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous system
  • autonomic system divides into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system
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2
Q

what is the central nervous system responsible for

A
  • The central nervous system is responsible for integrating processing and coordinating sensory data,
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3
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A
  • The somatic nervous system is the voluntary nervous system which controls skeletal muscles
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4
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A 
-	The autonomic nervous system is the non-voluntary nervous system 
it controls 
- glands 
- blood vessels 
- internal organs
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5
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

this mobilises body for action and has energy output, this is the fight or flight response

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6
Q

what is the parasympathetic system

A

this conserves energy and maintains a quiet state, this is the relaxing part of the nervous system

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7
Q

what is the nervous system made up of

A

made up of neurones which have different sizes and functions but they all have the same basic body plan

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8
Q

what does the change in size and shape depend on

A
  • Change in size and shape depends on how many dendrites (sensory processes) that they have
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9
Q

what do dendrites do

A

picks up the sensory information from the relay or the peripheral and taking it to the cell body and sending an electrical information down the axon either to another neurone or skeletal muscle

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10
Q

what do small neurones act as

A

the small neurones act as a relay between other neurones

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11
Q

what is the ratio of neurone to glia

A

1 neurone to 9 glia

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12
Q

what do glia do

A
  • Glia cells are cells that package cells in the nervous system (glue and hold neurones in place and support neurones and protect neurones)
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13
Q

what do the oligodendrocytes do

A

are myelinating, send out myelin that wrap around axons, found in the CNS

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14
Q

what do the astrocytes do

A

regulate extracellular fluid and environment around the neurones and protecting the neurones, form a blood brain barrier and help protect and regulate what gets in from the blood supply into the rest of the brain

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15
Q

what do the microglia do

A

protect brain from infection, usually don’t do much and are silent and switched off because the astrocytes is forming the barrier, if something breaks through the barrier then they become active and phagocytose the dead tissue and protect the brain from the infection and damage spreading

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16
Q

what does the ependymal do

A

line fluid filled cavities in the brain and important for regulating the fluid and moving the CFS fluid around the brain and spinal cord. CFS full of nutrients and keeps the buoyancy of the brain light

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17
Q

what are the specialised cells in the PNS

A
  • The axons are myelinated by schwann cells, wrap around axon insulating it and protecting it therefore keepting the electrical activity inside the cell
  • Satellite cells are the alternative to astrocytes which are found around the cell body in the PNS which support the cell body
  • General macrophages and the rest of the immune cells protect the nervous cell as there is no blood brain barrier
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18
Q

what type of blood supply does the brain have

A

dual blood supply

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19
Q

what part of the brain do the internal carotid arteries supply

A
  • there are left and right internal carotid arteries that supply the front part of the brain and the anterior circulation
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20
Q

what part of the brain do the 2 vertebral arteries supply

A

come up the back of the vertebra, they fuse into the single artery called the basilar artery this goes up the brain stem and divides (back into 2) into the posterior cerebral arteries this does 1/3 of blood supply, back of the brain such as the cerebellum and brain stem

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21
Q

what interconnects the arteries in the brain

A
  • Interconnected such as the posterior and anterior communicator arteries.
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22
Q

what is the vein in the brain called

A

cerebral veins

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23
Q

describe the job of the cerebral vein

A
  • collecting the Venus drainage
  • once oxygenated blood has been round the brain and has picked up carbon dioxide and other waste products this is removed by this cerebral vein. The cerebral vein is reliant on gravity to bring the blood flow back from the brain, the blood goes into the sinus and then through the jugular foramen where the internal jugular vein starts.
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24
Q

what are the sinuses

A

folds in the dura

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25
Q

what are the three layers of the dura

A

Dura marta
arachnoid marta
pia marta

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26
Q

describe the arachnoid Marta

A

this is the spiders layer looks like a spider layer that has been thrown over surface of the brain,

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27
Q

describe the Pia Martra

A

layer we cant see)– stuck on surface of the brain and goes into the indentations that we have in the brain.

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28
Q

where is the CFS found

A

found between the Pia and arachnoid

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29
Q

what separates the frontal and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

30
Q

what are the folds called in the brain

A

sulci

31
Q

what are the ridges in the brain called

A

gyri

32
Q

what do the sulci and gyri do

A

they increase the surface area in the cerebral hemisphere

33
Q

what is the aim of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  • Cerebral hemisphere is amount higher function which is conscious function, this is the things that we are processing that we are aware about
34
Q

what are the higher functions of the nervous system

A
  • Memory
  • Emotion
  • Coordination of complex movement
  • Language compression and production
  • Processing of multisensory information
  • Detection of visual stimuli
35
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A
  • Problem solving
  • Emotional traits
  • Reasoning
  • Speaking
  • Voluntary motor activity
36
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A
  • Understanding language
  • Behaviour
  • Memory
  • Hearing
37
Q

what does the brain stem do

A
  • Breathing
  • Body temperature
  • Digestion
  • Alertness/sleep
  • Swallowing
38
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A
  • Knowing right from left
  • Sensation
  • Reading
  • Body orientation
39
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A
  • Vision

- Colour perception

40
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A
  • Balance
  • Coordination and control of voluntary movement
  • Fine muscle control
41
Q

what are the deeper parts of the Brain

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
brain stem

42
Q

describe the grey matter

A

cell body and nucleuses and white matter is where myelinated axons are

43
Q

what connects the left and right side of the brain

A

corpus collosum

44
Q

what is the white matter tract

A
  • White matter tracks go through deeper part of the brain and this is called the internal capsule – where all info from the peripheral is coming in and going up to the brain and where the motor is coming down and going out to the periphery - important white matter tract
45
Q

what is the thalamus

A

is a relay station, takes info from the internal capsule and decides which part of the brain it needs to go to and will relay it to the right part of the body plan and right part of the brain to get the right response

46
Q

what does the brain stem do

A
  • Provides main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck
  • Conductive functions (ascending and descending tracts carry information to and from the cortex to the periphery)
  • Connection with rest of the brain and where most of the cranial nerves exit apart form the olfactory and optic come out in front of the brain stem
  • Cranial nerves form 3-12 come from the brain stem
47
Q

what is the brain stem made up of

A
  • Brainstem made up of midbrain, pons (which is the bridge), below the bridge is the medulla oblongata, and then the spinal cord is just a continuation
  • Reticular formation part of integrative functions and is a sensory filter for what is important and what isn’t important, decides if we need to respond to something.
  • Ascending and descending tracts go through the brain stem and though the internal capsule, go down or up the brain stem.
48
Q

what are the cranial nerves that you need to know

A
  • cranial nerves that are involved in the parasympathetic system
  • CN III – pupil size and lens focusing – vision
  • CN VII – salvia production – facial
  • CN IX – saliva production – facial
  • CN X – about everything else (90% of parasympathetic nervous system) – vagus nerve
49
Q

where does the spinal cord start after the brain

A
  • Spinal cord continuation of the brain stem, comes out foramen magnum, brain stem transitions into the spinal cord.
  • Spinal cord starts 2cm below foreman magnum brain stem comes out of the foramen magnum
50
Q

what are there at regular intervals in the spinal cord

A

at regular intervals there are the entrance and exit points for the peripheral nervous system

51
Q

where does the sensory spinal information come up from

A
  • Sensory information comes up through the dorsal root into the cell bodies which are housed outside the spinal cord.
52
Q

where does the information go in the spinal cord

A
  • Some of the information go to the ascending and descending tracts information from the brain. Some of the information goes to the ventral root which is mainly motor neurones and they exit from the ventral root and go down
53
Q

whats another word for ventral

A

Anterior

54
Q

whats another word for dorsal

A

posterior

55
Q

where do ascending tracts go

A

sensory and go up towards the brain

56
Q

where do descending tracts go

A

motor and come down from the brain

57
Q

where are the ascending and descending tracts

A
  • Ascending and descending tracts are outside the grey matter (in the centre of the spinal cord)
  • They form part of the internal capsule
58
Q

what is the dermatome

A

an area of skin innervated by axons from a single spinal nerve root

59
Q

what are plexi

A
  • Single spinal root does not have enough motor neurones to make a muscle perform a function,
  • Bundle several spinal roots together where there is complex activity that we need to coordinate, gives us more control and more movement these are called plexi
60
Q

Name the three plexi

A
  • Cervical plexus – controls movement in the neck
  • Brachial plexus – controls movement in the arm
  • Lumbar plexus – controls movement in the leg
  • sacral plexus
61
Q

are peripheral nerves mixed

A
  • Peripheral nerve is mixed from different spinal nerve levels, this gives us complexity of movement and more control over movement.
62
Q

what is a trunk

A

single spinal nerve

63
Q

why do we not need plexi in the thorax

A
  • In the thorax where there are big simple muscles then there is no need for the plexi and the thoracic nerves are the single spinal nerves
64
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A
  • Constrict pupils
  • Stimulate saliva
  • Slow heartbeat
  • Constrict airways
  • Stimulate activity of stomach
  • Inhibit release of glucose; stimulate gallbladder
  • Stimulate activity of intestines
  • Contract bladder
  • Promote erection of genitals
65
Q

what do the sympathetic nervous system do

A
  • Dilate pupils
  • Inhibit salivation
  • Increase heartbeat
  • Relax airways
  • Inhibit activity of stomach
  • Stimulate release of glucose; inhibit gallbladder
  • Inhibit activity of intestines
  • Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Relax bladder
  • Promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction
66
Q

describe the parasympathetic craniosacral

A
  • One to one system
  • Vagus nerve controls 90% of the parasympathetic system
  • Sometimes called the craniosacral because there is sacral outflow from S1, S2, S4 in spinal cord
67
Q

where does the parasympathetic craniosacral go

A
  • Goes to heart, lungs, spleen, kidney, small intestine, liver, stomach, colon
68
Q

describe the sympathetic thoracolumbar

A
  • Sympathetic is called the thoracolumbar, outflow goes out from T1-L2 they hitch a ride of spinal nerves
  • Comes out by the thoracolumbar – more complex integration not a one to one system
69
Q

where does the sympathetic thoracolumbar go

A
  • go to the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, large intestine and bladder, some goes back up to the head to the eyeball
70
Q

describe the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A
  • are active all the time,

- the effect is controlled by which is most active, they. Both have noticeable and hidden effects

FunMed Anatomy (22 decks)

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