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FunMed Anatomy > Introduction to the ANS > Flashcards

Introduction to the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ANS innervate

A

o Interval organs
o Blood vessels
o Glands
o Pre and post ganglionic neurones

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2
Q

what does the SNS innervate

A

o Skin
o Skeletal muscle
o Joint
o Single moto neurone

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3
Q

what is the ANS efferent pathway

A
  • Pre ganglionic neurones are myelinated – travels from CNS to ganglion
  • Ganglion in the middle
  • Post ganglionic neurone is unmyelinated and leads from ganglion to the target organ
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4
Q

what are the nerves of the parasympathetic system

A

• Cranial nerves III (oculomotor - oculomotor ), VII (facial - salivary glands), IX (glossopharyngeal – salivary gland), X (vagus – heart, lungs, stomach, liver, small intestine, colon, rectum)

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5
Q

what is the nerve in the parasymaptic system

A

craniosacral

- S2,S3,S4 sacral outflow

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6
Q

describe the pre ganglionic and post ganglionic fibre in the parasympathetic system

A

• Long preganglionic fibre and a short postganglionic

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7
Q

what is the sympathetic neurone

A

Thoracolumbar T1-L2

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8
Q

describe the pre ganglionic and post ganglionic fibre in the sympathetic system

A

• Short preganglionic fibre and long postganglionic

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9
Q

where do the preganglionic fibres originate from

A

• Preganglionic fibres originate in the lateral horn and pass out through the ventral horn

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10
Q

describe ganglia near organs

A
  • Ganglia sit in the sympathetic trunk – paravertebral ganglia = T1-T4
  • Prevertebral ganglia the preganglionic fibre passes through the trunk and the ganglia are nearer the organs = T5-L2
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11
Q

what chain does the sympathetic neurone have

A

2 neurone chain

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12
Q

are nerves paired in the sympathetic nervous system

A

yes • Adrenal medulla – EXCEPTION – only 1 nerve – no postganglionic fibre  straight to adrenal medulla through the prevertebral ganglia

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13
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

• Nervous system of the GI system

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14
Q

what are the plexus in the enteric nervous system

A
  • Myenteric plexus – controls motor functions of the gut, made up for circular and longitudinal muscle that controls perstalisis
  • Submucosal plexus – controls secretion and blood vessel dilation/constriction in mucosal layer, controls the amount of blood going through the gut, controls muscle in the muscular mucosa
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15
Q

what are the plexi interconnected by

A

unmyelinated fibres

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16
Q

describe how the parasympathetic and sympathetic interaction on the enteric nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic – postganglionic fibres project onto enteric nerves
  • Parasympathetic – receives innervation from vagal preganglionic fibres so enteric nerves act as postganglionic fibres
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17
Q

describe the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous system

A

Autonomic
- 2 neurone chain – relay station called the ganglion
- Pre synaptic comes from the CNS and goes to the ganglion, releases acetyl choline in the ganglion
- The post synaptic ganglion – excitatory as it has nictinic ACh receptors
T- Post synaptic axon goes to the organ
- Inhibitory or stimulatory – depends on the neurotransmitter and the receptor
Somatic
- No pre ganglionic and post ganglionic axon
- One single neurone
- Heavily myelinated
- Release acetylcholine on skeletal muscle
- Stimulatory

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18
Q

sensory nerves are

A

afferent

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19
Q

motor neurones are

A

efferent

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20
Q

motor nerves divide into

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic system

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21
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A
  • Starting point for the parasympathetic and sympathetic action
  • This is part of the brain but is not part of the conscious brain
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22
Q

what information do visceral afferents send to the hypothalamus

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Body temperature
  • Electrolyte balance
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23
Q

where is the sacral outflow and where does it go

A
  • S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic

- Goes to the distal colon, rectum, pelvic viscera, external gentialia

24
Q

what is the clinical relevance of sacral outflow

A
  • Surgery for colorectal cancer puts pelvic splanchnic at risk of damage
  • Bladder, bowl and sexual dysfunction
25
Q

where do the preganglionic fibres synapse in (sympathetic nervous system)

A
  • paravertebral ganglia
  • prevertebral gingival
  • adrenal gland
26
Q

where is the paravertebral ganglia

A
  • T1-4

* Will synapse in the sympathetic chain, they may go up a level or up several levels

27
Q

where is the pre-vertebral ganglia

A

• Preganglionic fibers from T5-L2 pass through sympathetic chain to prevertebral ganglia, they pass through it there ganglia are around the organs

28
Q

what is the sympathetic chain

A

• Sympathetic chain is paravertrbal – parallel to the sympathetic column

29
Q

describe tonic versus phasic activity

A
  • Dual innervation for most organs and always active to some extent – sympathetic and parasymtpathic are always turned on
30
Q

what is phasic

A
  • Only needed at certain times so one becomes active to take control – sexual activity, urination, pancreatic secretion
31
Q

what projects directly into the cells of the adrenal medulla

A

• Sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres project directly to cells of the adrenal medulla

32
Q

what does the sympathetic pre ganglionic fibres do in the adrenal medulla

A
  • Stimulates medullary cells to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline into blood
  • Adrenal acts as a modified post-ganglionic organ
  • Contributes to mass action
33
Q

how many verbal ganglia go into the enteric nervous system

A

3 vertebral ganglia

34
Q

describe the prevertebral ganglia in the enteric nervous system

A
  • L1-L2 sympathetic preganglionic fibres pass through sympathetic chain and travel in lumbar splanchnic nerves and synapse on postganglionic neurons in inferior mesenteric ganglion
  • Innervate transverse and distal colon rectum bladder and genital
35
Q

describe the sympathetic system innervating the enteric system

A
  • Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate abdominal viscera are located in prevertebral ganglia
  • T5-T9 = Great splanchnic nerve
  • T10-T12 = Lesser splanchnic nerve
  • Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves synapse on postganglionic neurons in celiac ganglion
  • Postganglionic fibres innervate smooth muscle and glands in the stomach, small intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney
  • Some pass through celiac ganglia and synapse on postganglionic neurons in superior mesenteric ganglia
36
Q

where is the greater splanchnic nerve

A

• T5-T9

37
Q

where is the lesser splanchnic nerve

A

• T10-T12

38
Q

describe where the preganglionic and postganglionic fibres go (synthetic system)

A
  • Some synapse on postganglionic neurons in paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia
  • Some postganglionic axons leave via visceral branches
  • Some exit to re-enter the corresponding spinal nerve
  • Some pass through paravertebral ganglia and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the prevertebral ganglia
  • Some pass through the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia and synapse in the adrenal medulla
39
Q

in the sympathetic system where do the axons of the preganglionic neurones leave the spinal cord

A
  • Axons of preganglionic neurons leave spinal cord via ventral (anterior) root between T1 and L2
  • Travel via corresponding spinal nerves to sympathetic chain via the white rami (myelinated)
40
Q

how many sympathetic chains are there

A

2

41
Q

where are the sympathetic chains located

A

one each side of the verebral column

42
Q

how many ganglia are in the sympathetic chains

A

• Each is made up of 25 pairs of ganglia joined by nerve trunks

43
Q

• Preganglionic fibres synapse on ….

A

many sympathetic postganglionic axons in the sympathetic chain

44
Q

what is divergence

A

• Divergence = pre-ganglionic fibres branch out to postganglionic fibres at different levels of the chain

45
Q

what is convergence

A

• Convergence = a postganglionic neuron can receive information from many pre-ganglioinic fibres

46
Q

No cranial nerves….

A

have sympathetic neurones

47
Q

what is a typical ANS efferent pathway

A
  • ANS two neurone relay
  • Pre ganglionic
  • post ganglionic
48
Q

what are visceral afferents

A

Visceral afferents are small myelinated and unmyelinated fibres that like somatic afferents have cell bodies in the DRG or ganglia of cranial nerves

49
Q

what does the response of the visceral nerve depend on

A

Response of the visceral effect depends on the neurotransmitter and receptors present on the visceral effector cells – can either stimulation/excitation or suppression/inhibition

50
Q

what do visceral affernts create

A

Create referred pain

Carry stretch, ischemia, chemical composition of the blood or tension

51
Q

where is the visceral sensory information relayed to

A

Hypothalamus = homeostasis
Nuclei of the medulla
Local preganglionic neuron

52
Q

what are the two outputs of the visceral sensory information

A

Autonomic system from lateral hypothalamus projecting to lateral medulla that drive the autonomic system
Endocrine signals via pituitary

53
Q

is the visceral an autonomic or somatic reflex

A

autonomic reflex

- they initiate autonomic reflexes at the local, ganglion, spinal and supraspinal levels

54
Q

what are the two plexus from the vagus nerve

A

celiac plexus
hypogastric plexus
- this forms the enteric nervous system

55
Q

where does the celiac plexus go

A

Liver and gallbladder

Stomach

56
Q

where does the hypogastric plexus go

A

Spleen
Kidneys
Small intestine
Colon (proximal)

57
Q

what does the enteric nervous system contain

A 
Primary afferents
Secretormotor neurons (+/-)
interneurons

FunMed Anatomy (22 decks)

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