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ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > nervous (CNS) > Flashcards

nervous (CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Includes the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

➢ So, called because of its appearance and preponderance of nerve cell bodies and true dendrites.
➢ Outer part in brain; inner part in spinal cord

A

Gray matter

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2
Q

Central nervous system is divided grossly into:

A

❖ Gray matter
❖ White matter

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3
Q

➢ Composed chiefly of myelinated nerve fibers
➢ Inner part in brain; outer part in spinal cord

A

White matter

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4
Q

Group or aggregates of nerve cell bodies outside the Central Nervous System

A

Ganglion/Ganglia Cells

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5
Q
  • The _________ is a vital part of the central nervous system (CNS) contained within the skull.
  • Complexity: It is the most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue in the body, comprising billions of nerve cells (neurons).
A

Brain

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6
Q
  • Weight: The average weight of the adult human brain is approximately: ?
    o Male: ?
    o Female: ?
A

2% OF OUR BODY WEIGHT
1380 grams
1250 grams

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7
Q

Embryological Divisions of the Brain

A
  1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
  2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
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8
Q

o Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
o Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus)

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

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9
Q

o Corpora Quadrigemina (Tectum)
- Superior Colliculi: Involved in visual reflexes
- Inferior Colliculi: Involved in auditory reflexes
o Cerebral Peduncles
o Vertebral Aqueduct of Sylvius (Iter)

A

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

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10
Q

o Metencephalon (Cerebellum, Pons)
o Myelencephalon (Medulla Oblongata)

A

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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11
Q

➢ Function: Involved in various higher functions including:
o Discriminatory identification
o Integration of sensory information
o Memory
o Reasoning
o Language usage
o Emotional behavior
o Initiation of movement

A

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

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12
Q

_________ and _________ of the Cerebrum

A
  • Fissures
  • Sulci
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13
Q

Shallower grooves (sulcus is singular, sulci is plural).

A

Sulci

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14
Q

Deep depressions in the cerebral cortex.

A

Fissures

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15
Q

Types of Fissures

A
  • Longitudinal Fissure:
  • Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure:
  • Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure):
  • Transverse Fissure:
  • Parieto-occipital Fissure:
  • Calcarine Fissure:
  • Superior Temporal Sulcus:
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16
Q

➢ Separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Longitudinal Fissure

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17
Q

➢ Divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
➢ End: Supramarginal Gyrus.
➢ Anterior Median Fissure: A deep groove along the spinal cord.
➢ Dorsal Median Fissure: A shallower groove; the middle cerebral artery emerges here.

A

Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure:

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18
Q

➢ Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

A

Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure):

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18
Q

➢ Separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe.

A

Parieto-occipital Fissure:

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19
Q

➢ Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.
- Cerebellum: “Little brain”
- Cerebrum: “Big brain”

A

Transverse Fissure:

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20
Q

➢ Located in the occipital lobe; contains the visual center (calcarine area).
- Visual Areas: Includes the Cuneus and Lingual gyrus.

A

Calcarine Fissure:

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21
Q

➢ Located in the temporal lobe; leads to the Angular Gyrus.

A

Superior Temporal Sulcus:

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22
Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex:

A
  • Frontal Lobe:
  • Parietal Lobe:
  • Temporal Lobe:
  • Occipital Lobe:
  • Insula (Island of Reil):
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23
Q

➢ Located anterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus.
➢ Functions in motor control and personality.

A

Frontal Lobe:

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24
Q

➢ Located posterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral fissure.
➢ Functions in sensory processing.

A

Parietal Lobe:

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25
Q

➢ Located beneath the lateral sulcus.
➢ Involved in hearing and olfaction.

A

Temporal Lobe:

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26
Q

➢ Occupies the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere.
➢ Functions as the visual center.

A

Occipital Lobe:

27
Q

➢ Exposed when the lateral sulcus is separated.
➢ Located deep within the lateral sulcus.

A

Insula (Island of Reil):

28
Q

Functional Areas of the Cerebrum

A
  • Primary Motor Area (Pre-Central Gyrus):
  • Pre-Motor Area:
  • Pre-Frontal Area:
  • Primary Sensory/Somesthetic Area (Post-Central Gyrus):
  • Motor Speech Area:
29
Q

➢ Controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body.
➢ Brodmann’s Area: 4

A

Primary Motor Area (Pre-Central Gyrus):

30
Q

➢ Located anterior to the motor area.
➢ Coordinates an orderly series of movements.

A

Pre-Motor Area:

31
Q

➢ Responsible for behavior, character, emotional state, foresight, good judgment, and abstract thinking.

A

Pre-Frontal Area:

32
Q

➢ Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere.
➢ Controls muscles used for speech.
➢ Brodmann’s Areas: 44 (Pars Opercularis), 45 (Pars Triangularis), Broca’s Area (Brodmann’s Areas 44 & 45).

A

Motor Speech Area:

33
Q

➢ Located in the parietal lobe behind the central sulcus.
➢ Processes sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, position, and movement from the opposite side of the body.
➢ Brodmann’s Areas: 3, 1, 2

A

Primary Sensory/Somesthetic Area (Post-Central Gyrus):

34
Q

Diencephalon components:

A
  • Thalamus:
  • Hypothalamus:
  • Corpus Callosum:
  • Cingulate Gyrus and Sulcus:
35
Q

➢ Acts as a relay center for sensory impulses (excluding olfactory) from peripheral receptors to the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

36
Q

➢ Regulates body temperature, feeding activities, biorhythms, and emotions.

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

➢ Cingulate Gyrus: Located above the corpus callosum.
➢ Cingulate Sulcus: A depression above the cingulate gyrus.

A

Cingulate Gyrus and Sulcus:

38
Q

➢ Comprises the largest commissural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum:

39
Q
  • Structure: Oval-shaped with a central constriction (vermis) and expanded lateral portions (hemispheres).
A

Cerebellum

40
Q

Lobes of cerebellum:

A

o Anterior Lobe:
o Posterior Lobe:
o Flocculonodular Lobe:

41
Q

Regulates muscle tone.

A

Anterior Lobe

42
Q

Coordinates voluntary motor activity.

A

Posterior Lobe

43
Q

Concerned with equilibrium, posture, and balance.

A

Flocculonodular Lobe

44
Q

Links the forebrain and hindbrain; important for motor coordination.

A

Midbrain (Rhombencephalon)

45
Q

Midbrain (Rhombencephalon) Components:

A

Cerebral Peduncles:
Corpora Quadrigemina:

46
Q

Cylindrical bodies made of nerve fiber tracts
connecting the forebrain to the hindbrain.

A

Cerebral Peduncles

47
Q

Hindbrain (Prosencephalon) components:

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
47
Q

Contains:
- Superior Colliculi: Involved in visual reflexes.
- Inferior Colliculi: Involved in auditory reflexes.

A

Corpora Quadrigemina

48
Q
  • Anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and medulla.
  • A bridge-like structure primarily made of white matter, linking various parts of the brain.
A

Pons

49
Q
  • Continuous with the spinal cord, lies ventral to the cerebellum.
  • Contains vital regulatory and reflex centers controlling the circulatory system, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
A

Medulla Oblongata

50
Q
  • Circulates within the brain’s ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space.
  • Production: By the choroid plexus in all brain ventricles.
  • Provides nutrition and immune functions; it is colorless and similar in composition to lymph.
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

51
Q
  • Absorption: Through Arachnoid villi or Arachnoid granulations.
A

Ventricles of the Brain:

52
Q

Ventricles of the Brain:

A

o Lateral Ventricle:
o Third Ventricle:
o Fourth Ventricle:

52
Q

➢ Located within the cerebral hemispheres; communicates with the third ventricle via the Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monroe).

A

Lateral Ventricle

53
Q

➢ Positioned between the two thalamic nuclei; continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius.

A

Third Ventricle:

53
Q

➢ Communicates with the subarachnoid space through the Foramen of Luschka and Magendie; connected to the third ventricle via the Iter (cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius).

A

Fourth Ventricle:

54
Q
  • Three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord.
    ➢ Dura Mater:
    ➢ Arachnoid Mater:
    ➢ Pia Mater:
A

Meninges

55
Q

Outermost layer (subdural space beneath it).

A

Dura Mater

56
Q

Middle layer (subarachnoid space beneath it).

A

Arachnoid Mater

57
Q

Innermost layer, closely adherent to the brain.

A

Pia Mater

58
Q

➢ Continuous with the medulla oblongata; extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra in adults (L3 in children).
➢ Average Length: Approximately 45 cm.

A

Spinal Cord

59
Q

Enlargements of spinal cord:

A
  • Cervical Enlargement:
  • Lumbar Enlargement:
60
Q

Supplies nerves to the arms (C4 to T2).

A

Cervical Enlargement:

61
Q

Supplies nerves to the legs (widest at T12).

A

Lumbar Enlargement:

62
Q

The tapering.

A

Conus Medullaris

63
Q

NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT!!!!!!!!!????????????????????

A

NEVER GIVE UP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (20 decks)

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