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ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > General Senses > Flashcards

General Senses Flashcards

1
Q

are widely distributed across various parts of the body and are categorized as either Somatic or Visceral.

A

General Senses

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2
Q

B. Visceral Senses contain:

A
  • Pain
  • Pressure
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2
Q

I. Somatosensory System
General Senses:

A
  • Light touch or tactile discrimination
  • Pressure
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Limb position
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2
Q

A. Somatic Senses contains:

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Proprioception (sense of body position)
  • Temperature
  • Pain
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3
Q

I. Somatosensory System
Receptors:

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Hair follicle nerve ending
  • Merkel’s tactile disc
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Krause end
  • Ruffini’s nerve ending
  • Free nerve
  • Muscle spindle
  • Golgi tendon organ (Tendon spindle)
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4
Q

receptor for Light touch

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Hair follicle nerve ending
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5
Q

receptors for Touch

A

Merkel’s tactile disc

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5
Q

receptors for Pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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6
Q

receptors for Heat/warmth

A

Ruffini’s nerve ending

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7
Q

receptors for Cold

A

Krause end

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8
Q

receptors for Pain

A

Free nerve

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9
Q

receptors for Proprioception

A
  • Muscle spindle
  • Golgi tendon organ (Tendon spindle)
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10
Q

General Sense Pathways:

A
  • First-order neuron (N1)
  • Second-order neuron (N2)
  • Third-order neuron (N3)
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11
Q

Sensory neuron that receives the initial
stimulus.

A

First-order neuron (N1)

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12
Q

Association neuron.

A

Second-order neuron (N2)

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13
Q

Transmits sensory information to the cortex.

A

Third-order neuron (N3)

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14
Q

Ascending Fiber Tracts :

A
  • Anterolateral System
  • Pathways to the Cerebellum
  • Cuneocerebellar Tract
  • Posterior Column
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15
Q

Anterolateral System :

A

➢ Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
➢ Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

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16
Q

For pain and temperature (except head).

A

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

17
Q

Crude touch or light touch (except head).

A

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

18
Q

Pathways to the Cerebellum :

A

➢ Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
➢ Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

19
Q

Unconscious proprioception from lower limbs.

A

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

20
Q

Unconscious proprioception from lower limbs.

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

21
Q

Unconscious proprioception from the upper body.

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

22
Q

For conscious proprioception, deep pressure, and discriminative touch.
- Gracile fasciculus – Lower extremities.
- Cuneate fasciculus – Upper extremities.

A

Posterior Column (Dorsal Column)

23
Q

Pain and Temperature Pathway
Pathway: ?
Receptors: ?

A

Pathway: Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Receptors: Free nerve endings, Krause end bulb, Ruffini’s corpuscle

24
Q

Pain and Temperature Pathway
N1 - ?
N2 - ?
N3 - ?

A

o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion
o N2 - Dorsal horn cells (spinal cord), axons cross to the opposite side and ascend.
o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus (thalamus), terminating in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2 in the post-central gyrus (opposite side of
the receptor).

25
Q

Discriminative Touch, Deep Pressure, and Proprioception Pathway
N1 - ?
N2 - ?
N3 - ?

A

o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion; fibers ascend as fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus.
o N2 - Synapse in nucleus gracilis or cuneatus, cross at the medial lemniscus.
o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ending in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2.

25
Q

Crude Touch Pathway (Light Touch, Pressure)
N1 - ?
N2 - ?
N3 - ?

A

o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion
o N2 - Laminae VI, VII, VIII; fibers cross to the opposite side.
o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ending in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2.

25
Q

Crude Touch Pathway (Light Touch, Pressure)
Pathway: ?
Receptors: ?

A
  • Pathway: Ventral/Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
  • Receptors: Meissner’s corpuscle, Merkel’s disc, Hair follicle nerve ending
26
Q

Discriminative Touch, Deep Pressure, and Proprioception Pathway
Pathway: ?
Receptors: ?

A
  • Pathway: Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System
  • Receptors: Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle, Muscle spindles, Tendon spindles
27
Q

Clinical Signs of Injury to the Lemniscal Pathway :

A
  • Inability to recognize limb position
  • Astereognosia
  • Loss of vibration sense
  • Loss of two-point discrimination
  • Positive Romberg’s Sign
28
Q

– Inability to identify objects by touch

A

Astereognosia

29
Q

– Increased body sway with eyes closed

A

Positive Romberg’s Sign

30
Q

Lower extremity group proprioception

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

30
Q

Unconscious Proprioception Pathways :

A
  • Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
  • Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
  • Cuneocerebellar Tract
31
Q

Individual muscle proprioception in lower extremities

A

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

32
Q

Upper extremity muscle proprioception

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

33
Q

Controls skilled voluntary movements.

A

Pyramidal System

33
Q

Pyramidal System Pathways:

A
  • Corticospinal Tract
  • Corticobulbar Tract
34
Q

➢ Origin: Primary motor cortex (Brodmann’s areas 4, 6).
➢ 90% of fibers cross in the medulla to form the Lateral Corticospinal Tract.

A

Corticospinal Tract

34
Q

Clinical Correlations :

A
  • Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
  • Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
35
Q

➢ Origin: Brodmann’s areas 4 and 8.
➢ Terminates at motor nuclei in the brainstem, supplying cranial nerves.

A

Corticobulbar Tract

36
Q

➢ Spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, positive Babinski sign.

A

Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

37
Q

➢ Flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, muscle atrophy, and positive fasciculations.

A

Lower Motor Neuron Lesions

37
Q
  • Coordinates movements and postural adjustments.

Functions:
* Smooth movement coordination with the pyramidal system.
* Control of automatic actions (e.g., smiling).
* Postural and muscle tone adjustments.

A

Extrapyramidal System

38
Q

NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!????????????????????????

A

NEVER GIVE UP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (20 decks)

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