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ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > General Senses > Flashcards

General Senses Flashcards

1
Q

are widely distributed across various parts of the body and are categorized as either Somatic or Visceral.

A

General Senses

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2
Q

B. Visceral Senses contain:

A
  • Pain
  • Pressure
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2
Q

I. Somatosensory System
General Senses:

A
  • Light touch or tactile discrimination
  • Pressure
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Limb position
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2
Q

A. Somatic Senses contains:

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Proprioception (sense of body position)
  • Temperature
  • Pain
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3
Q

I. Somatosensory System
Receptors:

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Hair follicle nerve ending
  • Merkel’s tactile disc
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Krause end
  • Ruffini’s nerve ending
  • Free nerve
  • Muscle spindle
  • Golgi tendon organ (Tendon spindle)
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4
Q

receptor for Light touch

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Hair follicle nerve ending
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5
Q

receptors for Touch

A

Merkel’s tactile disc

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5
Q

receptors for Pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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6
Q

receptors for Heat/warmth

A

Ruffini’s nerve ending

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7
Q

receptors for Cold

A

Krause end

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8
Q

receptors for Pain

A

Free nerve

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9
Q

receptors for Proprioception

A
  • Muscle spindle
  • Golgi tendon organ (Tendon spindle)
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10
Q

General Sense Pathways:

A
  • First-order neuron (N1)
  • Second-order neuron (N2)
  • Third-order neuron (N3)
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11
Q

Sensory neuron that receives the initial
stimulus.

A

First-order neuron (N1)

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12
Q

Association neuron.

A

Second-order neuron (N2)

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13
Q

Transmits sensory information to the cortex.

A

Third-order neuron (N3)

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14
Q

Ascending Fiber Tracts :

A
  • Anterolateral System
  • Pathways to the Cerebellum
  • Cuneocerebellar Tract
  • Posterior Column
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15
Q

Anterolateral System :

A

➢ Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
➢ Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

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16
Q

For pain and temperature (except head).

A

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

17
Q

Crude touch or light touch (except head).

A

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

18
Q

Pathways to the Cerebellum :

A

➢ Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
➢ Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

19
Q

Unconscious proprioception from lower limbs.

A

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract

20
Q

Unconscious proprioception from lower limbs.

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

21
Q

Unconscious proprioception from the upper body.

A

Cuneocerebellar Tract

22
For conscious proprioception, deep pressure, and discriminative touch. - Gracile fasciculus – Lower extremities. - Cuneate fasciculus – Upper extremities.
Posterior Column (Dorsal Column)
23
Pain and Temperature Pathway Pathway: ? Receptors: ?
Pathway: Lateral Spinothalamic Tract Receptors: Free nerve endings, Krause end bulb, Ruffini’s corpuscle
24
Pain and Temperature Pathway N1 - ? N2 - ? N3 - ?
o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion o N2 - Dorsal horn cells (spinal cord), axons cross to the opposite side and ascend. o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus (thalamus), terminating in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2 in the post-central gyrus (opposite side of the receptor).
25
Discriminative Touch, Deep Pressure, and Proprioception Pathway N1 - ? N2 - ? N3 - ?
o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion; fibers ascend as fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus. o N2 - Synapse in nucleus gracilis or cuneatus, cross at the medial lemniscus. o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ending in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2.
25
Crude Touch Pathway (Light Touch, Pressure) N1 - ? N2 - ? N3 - ?
o N1 - Dorsal Root Ganglion o N2 - Laminae VI, VII, VIII; fibers cross to the opposite side. o N3 - Ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ending in Brodmann’s area 3,1,2.
25
Crude Touch Pathway (Light Touch, Pressure) Pathway: ? Receptors: ?
* Pathway: Ventral/Anterior Spinothalamic Tract * Receptors: Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel's disc, Hair follicle nerve ending
26
Discriminative Touch, Deep Pressure, and Proprioception Pathway Pathway: ? Receptors: ?
* Pathway: Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System * Receptors: Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle, Muscle spindles, Tendon spindles
27
Clinical Signs of Injury to the Lemniscal Pathway :
* Inability to recognize limb position * Astereognosia * Loss of vibration sense * Loss of two-point discrimination * Positive Romberg’s Sign
28
– Inability to identify objects by touch
Astereognosia
29
– Increased body sway with eyes closed
Positive Romberg’s Sign
30
Lower extremity group proprioception
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
30
Unconscious Proprioception Pathways :
* Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract * Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract * Cuneocerebellar Tract
31
Individual muscle proprioception in lower extremities
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
32
Upper extremity muscle proprioception
Cuneocerebellar Tract
33
Controls skilled voluntary movements.
Pyramidal System
33
Pyramidal System Pathways:
* Corticospinal Tract * Corticobulbar Tract
34
➢ Origin: Primary motor cortex (Brodmann’s areas 4, 6). ➢ 90% of fibers cross in the medulla to form the Lateral Corticospinal Tract.
Corticospinal Tract
34
Clinical Correlations :
* Upper Motor Neuron Lesions * Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
35
➢ Origin: Brodmann’s areas 4 and 8. ➢ Terminates at motor nuclei in the brainstem, supplying cranial nerves.
Corticobulbar Tract
36
➢ Spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, positive Babinski sign.
Upper Motor Neuron Lesions
37
➢ Flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, muscle atrophy, and positive fasciculations.
Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
37
- Coordinates movements and postural adjustments. Functions: * Smooth movement coordination with the pyramidal system. * Control of automatic actions (e.g., smiling). * Postural and muscle tone adjustments.
Extrapyramidal System
38
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ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (20 decks)

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