HEART Flashcards
➢ Covering of the Heart
➢ an invaginated sac
Pericardium
TYPES OF Pericardium :
o Fibrous pericardium
o Serous Pericardium
- Pericardium
- Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
➢ tough covering
➢ provide protection and anchors the heart into mediastinum
➢ Lining the wall of mediastinum
Fibrous pericardium
➢ outer layer of the serous membrane lines the fibrous coat.
➢ That will line the fibrous pericardium, adherent to the fibrous pericardium
Pericardium
➢ Inner layer of the serous membrane
➢ Outermost layer of the wall of the heart Pericardial cavity
➢ filled with pericardial fluid that will served as lubricant, to prevent friction between the parietal and visceral pericardium during contraction of the heart.
➢ Space between parietal and visceral pericardium
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
Walls of the Heart :
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
➢ External/outermost layer, the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Epicardium
➢ middle muscular layer
➢ made up of cardiac muscle cells
Myocardium
➢ inner layer of the endothelium
Endocardium
➢ Location: Right border of the heart.
➢ Function: Receives venous blood from the Superior vena cava (SVC), Inferior vena cava (IVC), anterior cardiac veins, Vena cordis minimae, and the coronary sinus.
➢ Features:
▪ Interatrial septum
▪ Fossa ovalis
▪ Musculiati
▪ Crista terminalis
▪ Tricuspid valve
Right Atrium
Chambers of the Heart :
- Atria
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Ventricles
- Right Ventricle
- Left Ventricle
allows blood flow to the right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve
separates the right and left atria.
Interatrial septum
separates smooth and ridged areas.
Crista terminalis
remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.
Fossa ovalis
ridges that allow atrial expansion.
Musculiati
➢ Location: Base of the heart.
➢ Shape: Quadrilateral.
➢ Function: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
➢ Blood Flow: Blood exits via the mitral/bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.
➢ Features: Smooth interior with musculi pectinati only in the auricle.
Left Atrium
smooth upper portion leading to the pulmonary artery.
Infundibulum
➢ Location: Forms most of the heart’s anterior surface.
➢ Function: Receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.
➢ Wall: Thinner than the left ventricle.
➢ Features:
▪ Infundibulum
▪ Trabeculae carneae
▪ Papillary muscles
▪ Chordae tendineae
▪ Moderator Band
Right Ventricle
irregular muscular ridges aiding in blood storage.
Trabeculae carneae
prevents overdistention, unique to the right ventricle.
Moderator Band
thread-like structures connecting to papillary muscles and valve cusps.
Chordae tendineae
➢ Location: Apex of the heart.
➢ Characteristics: Longer, narrower, and walls are 3x thicker than the right ventricle.
➢ Function: Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.
➢ Apexcated at the 5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line.
Left Ventricle
conical muscles anchoring chordae tendineae.
Papillary muscles
Valves of the Heart
- Atrioventricular Valves
- Tricuspid Valve
- Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve - Semilunar Valves
- Aortic Valve
- Pulmonic Valve
controls blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
regulates blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, preventing backflow.
Tricuspid Valve
allows blood to exit from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Aortic Valve
controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonic Valve
Blood supply of the Heart :
- Coronary arteries
- Coronary sinus
➢ branches of the sending of aorta. Venous drainage of the heart
Coronary arteries
➢ main venous drainage of the heart
Coronary sinus
Nerve Supply of the Heart :
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
➢ vagus nerve which is inhibitory to the heart
Parasympathetic
➢ which is excitatory(stimulate) to the heart.
➢ It will increase your heart rate.
Sympathetic
Impulse Conducting system of the Heart :
- Sinu-atrial node
- Atrio-ventricular node
- Bundle of His
- Subendocardial network of Purkinje /Purkinje fibers
➢ located at the posterior wall in the groove between the superior vena cava and the right atrium
(Pacemaker of the heart)
Sinu-atrial node
➢ located at the lower part of the interatrial septum
(AV node)
Atrio-ventricular node
➢ a pale bundle about the size of a match stick located at the interventricular septum (upperpart)
➢ bundle of his moves little down to the interventricular septum, it will divide into a right and left bundle branch
Bundle of His
➢ lies beneath the endocardium distributed throughout the heart.
➢ On the ventricular walls
Subendocardial network of Purkinje /Purkinje fibers
Heart Sounds
- S1 – first heart sound closure of the AV valves
- S2 – closure of the semilunar valves
- S3 – ventricular gallop
- S4 – atrial gallop
- Representing the activity of the heart
Electrocardiogram
➢ Represents rapid ventricular depolarization - as action potential spreads through ventricular contractile fibers
QRS complex
➢ represents atrial depolarization which spreads from the SA node through the contractible fibers in both atria
➢ small upward deflection
P wave
Circulation of the Blood
- Unoxygenated blood from the upper part will drain to the superior vena cava; lower part – inferior vena cava = it will drain to the right atrium
- It will pass to the tricuspid valve to go to the right ventricle
- From Right ventricle, go to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
- From the lungs it will get oxygenated blood
- Oxygenated blood from the lungs - will go back to the heart through the pulmonary veins
- Goes to the left atrium, the blood pass to the mitral valve to go to the left ventricle and will go to the systemic circulation through aorta
- Simple squamous epithelium
- For easier diffusion of substances
- The RBC will carry the oxygen and it will be passing to the capillaries to be distributed to the tissues. And the tissue will dispose the carbon dioxide, it will be circulating back to the heart and going to the lungs for expulsion to exhalation
Capillary Endothelial cell
➢ represents ventricular repolarization
➢ occurs just as the ventricles are starting to relax
➢ dome-shaped upward deflection
T wave
NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?????????????
NEVER GIVE UPPPP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!111
