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ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • responsible for the synthesis and secretion of chemical messenger known as hormones which are disseminated throughout the body via the bloodstream where they act on specific target organs.
  • the secretory cells release their hormones into the interstitial space from which they are rapidly absorbed into the circulation.
  • Unlike exocrine glands, _______________ have no duct system and therefore sometimes called the ductless glands.
A

Endocrine Glands

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands is also called the

A

ductless glands

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3
Q

are highly vascular and you have blood vessels that are fenestrated (there are holes for the passage of large molecules)

A

Endocrine organs

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4
Q

Types of Endocrine Glands

A
  • Pituitary Gland
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5
Q

➢ a specialized appendage of the brain which secretes several hormones.
➢ small slightly elongated gland approximately 1 cm in diameter situated in the Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and it is connected to the base of the brain via the infundibulum or stalk.
➢ Pea shaped structure measuring 1-1.5 cm in diameter
➢ formerly regarded as the master gland because it influences the rest of the endocrine glands; however, the hypothalamus regulates the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland hence this was regarded untrue

A

Pituitary Gland

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6
Q

Pituitary Gland also known as

A

Hypophysis or Hypophysis Cerebri

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7
Q

➢ makes up 75% of the total weight of the gland
➢ arises as an epithelial outgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as the Rathke’s pouch
➢ secreting the hormones

A

Anterior Pituitary

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary also called the

A

adenohypophysis

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9
Q

Divisions of the Pituitary Gland

A
  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Posterior Pituitary
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10
Q

Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary:

A

o Growth hormones – long bones
o Thyroid stimulating hormone – thyroid gland
o GnRh (follicles stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) – testis and ovary
o Prolactin – mammary gland for milk production.
o ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) – adrenal glands/cortex
o MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) – skin

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11
Q

➢ derived from downgrowth of nervous tissue from the hypothalamus to which it remains joined by the pituitary stalk
➢ coming from the floor of diencephalon.
➢ It will just store the hormones that will come from hypothalamic nuclei.
➢ does not synthesize hormones. Instead stores and releases two hormones
➢ Secretions from this lobe are produced by the cell bodies of the supraoptic nucleus (produces vasopressin or ADH) and the
paraventricular nucleus (produces oxytocin) of the hypothalamus

A

Posterior Pituitary

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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary also called

A

neurohypophysis

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13
Q

(produces vasopressin or ADH)

A

supraoptic nucleus

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14
Q

(produces oxytocin)

A

paraventricular nucleus

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15
Q

Hormones stored by Posterior Pituitary:

A

o ADH (antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin)
o Oxytocin (pitocin)

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16
Q

modified neuroglial cells found in the pars nervosa believed to store and release 2 hormones

A

Pituicytes

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17
Q

2 HORMONES IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A

o Pitocin (oxytocin)
o Pitressin or ADH

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18
Q

➢ increases water reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.
➢ has a vasopressor effect hence also called vasopressin
➢ raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

A

Pitressin or ADH

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18
Q

➢ Stimulates uterine contraction
➢ stimulates milk ejection (milk “letdown) from the mammary glands in response
➢ to the mechanical stimulation provided by the suckling infant

A

Pitocin (oxytocin)

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19
Q
  • a small organ, 6-8 mm long located at the caudal end of the
    diencephalon of the brain.
  • consists of cells called pinealocytes
  • Hormones secreted: Melatonin derived from serotonin, which may
    promote sleepiness
A

Pineal Gland

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20
Q

Pineal Gland also called

A

epiphysis cerebri or conarium

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21
Q
  • a lobulated gland lying in front of the neck at the upper part of the trachea
  • there are 2 lobes connected at the midline by the isthmus
  • homeostasis
  • Contains follicles, which secrete 2 thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
    (T3)
    o Actions of the thyroid hormones:
    ➢ increase basal metabolic rate
    ➢ helps maintain normal body
    temperature
  • it is formed by various follicles of different sizes and shape lined by simple cuboidal cells containing colloid material containing thyroglobulin
  • It lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity, preventing excessive calcium release from bones.
A

Thyroid Gland

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21
Q

follicles secretes 2 thyroid hormones:

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)

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22
Q

between capillaries are dense capillary network supported by

A

reticular fibers

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23
Q

is secreted in response to hypercalcemia (high calcium levels).

A

Thyrocalcitonin

24
Q
  • are small oval endocrine glands closely associated posteriorly with the thyroid gland
  • supplied by inferior thyroid artery
  • secretes parathormone, which directly elevate blood calcium levels
  • usually there are:
    o 2 superior parathyroid glands
    o 2 inferior parathyroid glands
A

Parathyroid Gland

25
Q

if your ____________ will decrease your calcium level, your ____________ will increase your calcium level.

A
  • calcitonin
  • parathormone
26
Q

small flattened endocrine glands closely applied to the upper pole of the kidneys

A

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland

27
Q

2 Components Of The Adrenal Gland:

A
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
28
Q

➢ outer and thicker portion
➢ 3 layers of cell: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
▪ Secretions:
o Mineralocorticoids
o Glucocorticoids
o Androgens

A

Adrenal Cortex

29
Q

➢ promote libido in females and are converted to estrogen,
➢ also stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hairs in boys and girls and contribute to the prepubertal growth spurt

A

Androgens

30
Q

(aldosterone and deoxycortisones)
➢ regulate fluids and electrolytes
➢ help adjust blood pressure and blood volume

A

Mineralocorticoids

31
Q

(e.g. cortisone)
➢ regulate metabolism and resistance to stress

A

Glucocorticoids

32
Q

➢ Secretes the catecholamines – epinephrine and norepinephrine
➢ Produces effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during stress

A

Adrenal medulla

33
Q
  • pistol shaped flattened organ, the head part of which is enclosed by the duodenum, the body at the back of stomach and tail related with spleen
  • not only exocrine gland but also has important endocrine functions
  • the endocrine portion is the Islets of Langerhans
  • the exocrine portion is secretion of enzymes.
  • pancreatic islets vary in size and most numerous at the tail of the pancreas
A

Pancreas

33
Q

Cells in the Islets of Langerhans

A
  • Alpha Cells
  • Beta cells
  • Delta Cells
  • F Cells
34
Q

➢ less numerous containing acidophilic granules.
➢ found at the periphery of the islet and secrete glucagon – which increases blood sugar

A

Alpha Cells

35
Q

➢ found at the center of the islets
➢ it secretes insulin which decreases blood sugar

A

Beta cells

36
Q

➢ secrete somatostatin, which inhibits secretion of insulin and

A

Delta Cells

37
Q

➢ secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F Cells

38
Q
  • are paired organs lodging in the scrotum are responsible for the production of the male gametes, spermatozoa, and male sex hormones
  • the endocrine portion is the interstitial cells of Leydig which secrete these androgens:
    o Testosterone
    o Dihydrotestosterone
    o Androstenedione
A

Testis

39
Q

Its main hormone _____________ regulates production of sperm and stimulates the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characteristics such as beard growth and deepening of the voice

A

testosterone

40
Q
  • the follicular cells of the ovarian follicle secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • These hormones regulate the female reproductive cycle:
    o Regulate oogenesis
    o maintain pregnancy
    o prepare the mammary gland for lactation
    o promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
    o placenta also producing a hormone – syncytiotrophoblast, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
A

Ovaries

41
Q

➢ autoimmune disorder associated with increased circulating levels of thyroid hormones

A

Grave’s Disease

42
Q

➢ disorder of metabolism and chronic hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes Mellitus

43
Q

➢ refers to the manifestations of excessive corticosteroids
➢ e.g. Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, osteoporosis, hypertension, hyperglycemia

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

44
Q

➢ disorder caused by the destruction of the adrenal cortices characterized by chronic deficiency of cortisol, aldosterone and androgens causing skin pigmentation

A

Addison’s Disease

45
Q

Endocrine Gland Diseases

A
  • Grave’s Disease
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
  • Addison’s Disease
46
Q

secrete estrogen

A

ovarian follicle

47
Q

secretes progesterone

A

corpus luteum

48
Q

secrete androgens

A

Leydig (Testis part)

49
Q

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F Cells

50
Q

secrete somatostatin

A

Delta Cells

51
Q

secretion of enzymes.

A

exocrine portion

52
Q

Secretes the catecholamines

A

Adrenal medulla

53
Q

secretes parathormone

A

Parathyroid Gland

54
Q

secretes thyrocalcitonin

A

Thyroid Gland

55
Q

thyrocalcitonin secreted by

A

parafollicular cells

56
Q

follicles secrete 2 thyroid hormones:

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

57
Q

secretes melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

58
Q

secretes several hormones.

A

Pituitary Gland

59
Q

NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?????????????????

A

NEVER GIVE UP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ANPH 111 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (20 decks)

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