Nerves

Question 1

what cells initiate and propagate ureteric peristalsis

Answer 1

ureteric cells which have their own built-in auto-rhymthicity

Question 2

what causes the bladder to contract?

Answer 2

parasympathetic fibres (S2-4)

Question 3

urethral sphincter control during ejaculation

Answer 3

sympathetics internal and external urethral sphinters and levator ani contract

Question 4

urethral sphincter control during urine flow

Answer 4

parasympathetics relax internal urethral sphincter
somatic motor (pudendal nerve) cause external urethral sphincter and levator ani to contract

Question 5

five types of nerve fibre

Answer 5

1. somatic sensory= sensations from body wall
2. visceral afferent= sensations from organs
3. somatic motor= responses to body wall
4. sympathetic and parasympathetic= responses of organs

Question 6

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 6

31

Question 7

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 7

12

Question 8

where do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS

Answer 8

T1-L2

Question 9

what levels do sympathetic fibres leave the CNS for kidneys, ureter and bladder?

Answer 9

T10-L2

Question 10

where do parasympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS?

Answer 10

CNIII, VII, IX and X

sacral spinal nerves

Question 11

how do parasympathetic nerve fibres innervate the kidneys and ureters?

Answer 11

vagus nerve

Question 12

which parts of the renal system are involved in somatic motor fibres?

Answer 12

perineum e.g. urethra, external urethral sphincter and levator ani

Question 13

location of renal colic

Answer 13

loin to groin

Question 14

location of bladder pain

Answer 14

suprapubic

Question 15

location of urethra pain (perineal part)

Answer 15

localised to perineum

Question 16

differentials for loin pain

Answer 16

herpes zoster
muscular
vertebrae
pneumonia (lower lobe)
AAA
diverticular

Question 17

bladder reflex

Answer 17

stretch receptors detect filling of the bladder (S2-4) which causes detrusor muscle to contract (brain over-rides this)

Question 18

contraction of detrusor muscle

Answer 18

parasympatehtic

Question 19

examples of nerves that arise from the sacral plexus

Answer 19

pudendal nerve
sciatic nerve
femoral nerve
obturator nerve
etc.