Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

define UTI

A

presence of microorganisms in urinary tract causing infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is a lower UTI confined to?

A

bladder (cystitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is a upper UTI present?

A

ureters +/- kidneys (pyelonephritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the only area of the urinary tract that is not sterile?

A

the lower end of the urethra which is colonised by bacteria (enterococci and coliforms from large bowel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is different about a complicated UTI?

A

systemic symptoms

urinary structural abnormality/ stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

risk factors for UTI

A
  • female (short, wide urethra and proximity of urethra to anus)
  • sexual activity (females)
  • pregnancy
  • catheter
  • abnormalities of urinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

routes of infection for UTI?

A

ascending (from bowel)

bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causative gram negative organisms

A

coliforms (E. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter)
proteus
psuedomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what indicates a proteus caused UTI?

A

foul smelling

renal calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what indicates a pseudomonas caused UTI?

A

associated with catheters and instrumentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how to manage pseudomonas UTI

A

ciprofloxacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gram positive causative organisms

A

enterococcus (faecalis and faecium)
staph saphrophyticus (coagulase negative staph)
staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

indication of enterococcus UTI

A

hospital acquired infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what increases risk of staph saphrophyticus infection?

A

women of child-bearing age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what causes staph aureus UTI?

A

usually only in bacteraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

presentation of UTI

A

dysuria
frequency, nocturia
haematuria
fever, loin pain and rigors suggest upper urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diagnosis of UTI

A
  • mid-stream sample
  • urine sample
  • microscopy (urgent only)
  • Culture (Kass’s criteria)
18
Q

how can you transport MSU sample?

A 
boricon container (contains boricon acids so stops bacteria multiplying for 24 hours)
sterile universal container (must reach lab within 2 hours)
19
Q

other urine sample collection methods

A
  • clean catch urine (done by nurse in urine or disabled)
  • bag urine (babies- negative useful)
  • catheter specimen
  • suprapubic aspiration
20
Q

who’s urine do you NOT dipstick?

A

elderly

catheterised patients

21
Q

dipstick results?

A

leukocyte esterase (WBC)
nitrites (bacteria reduce nitrates)
protein and blood

22
Q

microscopy of urine

A

looks for pus cells (only done in urgent cases)

23
Q

Kass’s criteria for urine culture

A

> 10^5 organisms/ml = probable UTI (mixed growth not significant)
10^4 organisms/ml = repeat specimen
<10^3 organisms/ml= not significant

24
Q

who does Kass’s criteria apply to?

A

women of child-bearing age

25
Q

adverse of ciprofloxacin used in pseudomonas?

A

c. diff

26
Q

antibiotic of choice for coliforms

A

gentamicin IV (only given in hospital as IV and 3 days MAX

27
Q

adverse of gentamicin

A

narrow therapeutic range (avoid in pregnancy). Risks renal toxicity and CNVII damage (deafness and balance)

28
Q

choice of antibiotic for enterococci faecalis?

A

amoxicillin

if penicillin allergic then co-trimoxazole

29
Q

risk in co-trimoxazole?

A

Steven-Johnson Syndrome

30
Q

what is ESBL resistant to?

A

cephalosporins

penicillin

31
Q

choice antibiotic for ESBL?

A

nitrofurantoin

32
Q

when is nitrofurantoin active?

A

lower UTI as onlyreaches effective concentration once in bladder

33
Q

resistance of CPE?

A

resistant to all antibiotics

34
Q

what is CPE associated with?

A

UTI and travel to India is carbapenase-producing klebsiella

35
Q

antibiotics for UTI in pregnancy?

A

amoxicillin (resistance high)
cefalexin (C. diff)
co-amoxiclav (c. diff)

36
Q

antibiotic of choice for complicated UTI/ urosepsis?

A

gentamicin, but if renal function poor then temocillin

37
Q

when are antibiotics given in catheter caused UTI?

A

only if symptomatic (unnecessary results in resistance)

38
Q

describe abacterial cystitis/urethral syndrome

A

symptoms of UTI with pus cells in urine but no growth on culture

39
Q

causes of abacterial cystitis/urethral syndrome

A

early phase UTI
urethral trauma
chlamydia/gonorrhoea

40
Q

management of abacterial cystitis/urethral syndrome

A

alkalinise urine for symptomatic relief

41
Q

describe asymptomatic bacteriuria

A

significant bacteruria but patient is asymptomatic

42
Q

are antibiotics required in asymptomatic bacteriuria

A

no, unless pregnancy as there is risk of pyelonephritis, IUGR or premature labour

Renal (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions