Anatomy Flashcards
what does the urinary tract consist of?
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
divisions of the ureters
abdominal
pelvic
intravesical
are the kidneys retroperitoneum organs?
yes
what are the kidneys enclosed within?
renal capsule perinephric fat renal (deep) fascia paranephric fat visceral peritoneum
why is the right kidney inferior to the left?
due to the size of the liver
location of the right kidney and hilum
L1-L3
hilum at L1/2
location of the left kidney and hilum
T12-L2
hilum at L1
what ribs protect the kidney?
floating ribs 11 and 12
what does the renal hilum consist of?
renal pelvis renal artery renal vein lymphatics nerves renal sinus fat
why is the left renal vein longer than the right?
passes over the aorta anteriorly to join right-sided IVC
how does the kidney move inferior during inspiration
liver and spleen touch diaphragm and kidneys so when lungs expands it pushes them inferiorly
lymphatic drainage of the urinary system
lumbar nodes (aorta and IVC) iliac nodes (common, external and internal)
two types of RAS when associated with AAA
infra-renal AAA= both caused by atherosclerosis
supra-renal AAA = occlusion by aneurysm
management of RAS associated with AAA
EVAR
examples of anatomical variations of the urinary tract
horseshoe kidney
ectopic pelvic kidney
bifid renal pelvis
urine drainage pathway through the kidney
nephron collecting duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter
places where diameter of the ureters reduces (points of constriction and most likely places for calculi)
pelvi-ureteric junction
ureter crossing common iliac artery
ureteric orifice
two types of ureteric obstructions
- internal e.g. impacted renal calculus or blood clot
- external e.g. expanding mass
what produces peristalsis of the ureters?
smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters
why is calculi experienced as colicky pain?
peristalsis increases proximal to the obstruction to try and remove it
define renal failure
inability to filter blood to produce urine
define hydronephrosis
water inside the kidney caused as there is back pressure caused by the obstruction
what is the pelvic floor muscle?
levator ani
what direction to the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall? and why?
inferomedial direction
to prevent reflux of urine when ureters contract
what is the trigone and what makes it up
this is a smooth area of the posterior bladder forms by the two ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice
what muscle forms the bladder wall?
detrusor muscle
pouches in females
vesicouterine pouch rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
two routes of catheterising patients
urethral
suprapubic
embryological development of the testes
posterior abdomen through the inguinal canal to the scrotum
what supports the functioning of the testes?
spermatic cord
what does the spermatic cord consist of?
testicular artery testicular vein vas deferens lymphatics nerves (autonomic for smooth muscle of vas and somatic for cremaster)
what do the testes sit inside when in the scrotum
tunica vaginalis
define hydrocele
excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis
route of sperm leaving the testes
vas deferens
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra
