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Science for Medicine > Nerves 1-5 > Flashcards

Nerves 1-5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 lobes of thee brain ?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

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2
Q

The spinal cord is __ surrounded by ___ ?

A

Grey mater and white mater

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3
Q

What Glial cell maintains the homeostasis of the environment and surrounds blood vessels ?

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

What glial cell poduces the blood brain barrier ?

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

What glial cells act as hoovers ?

A

Microglia

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6
Q

What glial cells form myelin sheaths ?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

How many cervical vertebrae ?

A

7

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8
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae ?

A

12

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9
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae ?

A

5

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10
Q

How many sacral vertebrae ?

A

5

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11
Q

What are the names for the grooves and the folds of the brain ?

A

Grooves: Sulcus
Folds: Gyrus

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12
Q

Where in the brain is the thalamus and the hypothalamus found ?

A

Diencephalon at the top of the brainstem

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13
Q

What are the three components of the top of the brain stem from superior to inferior ?

A

Mid brain
pons
Medulla Oblongata

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14
Q

What is the name for the mini brain found at the back of the cerebrum ?

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

What kind of neuron detects things in the environment ?

A

Afferent neurons

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16
Q

What kind of neurons decide what to do with the info from the environment ?

A

Inter neurons

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17
Q

What kind of neurons send the signal to carry out the request ?

A

Efferent neurons

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18
Q

What part of the neuron receives information ?

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Which part of the neuon triggers the action potential ?

A

Initial segment

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20
Q

Which part of the neuron sends the action potential ?

A

The axon

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21
Q

Which part of the neuron releases the neurotransmitter ?

A

Axon (pre-synaptic terminals)

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22
Q

Inter-neurons are found in the ____ nervous system

A

Central

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23
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons are found in the _____ nervous system

A

Peripheral

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24
Q

Describe the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential

A

The leaky potassium channels constantly leaking positive charge out of the cell is what maintains the cell’s -70mV charge

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25
Q

What is the figure for resting membrane potential ?

A

-70mV

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26
Q

What does the resting membrane potential do ?

A

Keeps the cell ready to respond

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27
Q

Define the equilibrium potential

A

The membrane potential at which the concentration gradient is exactly equal and opposite to the concentration gradient

28
Q

What equation deals with the equilibrium potential of single ion species ?

A

Nernst equation

29
Q

What equation deals with the equilibrium potential of multiple ion species ?

A

Goldman equation

30
Q

What does the nernst equation state that the RMP should be ?

A

-90mV

31
Q

Why is the RMP closer to -70mV than -90mV ?

A

There are other leaky channels (Na, Cl and Ca)

32
Q

Action potentials send signals over ___ distances

A

Long

33
Q

What are four examples of graded potentials ?

A

1: Post synaptic potentials
2: Generator potentials
3: End-plate potentials
4: Pacemaker potentials

34
Q

What kind of potential is found at a sensory receptor?

A

Generator potential

35
Q

What kind of potential is found at a synapse ?

A

Post-synaptic potential

36
Q

What kind of potential is found at the NMJ ?

A

End-plate potential

37
Q

What kind of potential is found within pacemaker cells ?

A

Pacemaker potential

38
Q

Graded potentials are useful over ___ distances

A

Short

39
Q

Graded potentials are propogated/non-propogated ?

A

Non-propogated

40
Q

What increases the amplitude of graded potentials ?

A

Increased signal stimulus

41
Q

What kind of potential can both excite and inhibit a cell ?

A

Graded potential

42
Q

How is a fast IPSP generated ?

A

By opening chlorine channels and hyperpolarising the cell (Cl into cell)

43
Q

How are slow IPSPs generated ?

A

By opening more Potassium channels and making the inside of the cell more negative (K into cell)

44
Q

How are fast EPSPs generated ?

A

By opening channels so that Na can enter the cell depolarising the cell

45
Q

How are slow EPSPs generated ?

A

Closing Potassium channels and allowing a positive charge to build up in the cell

46
Q

How are postsynaptic potentials produced ?

A

By a neurotransmitter binding to a ligand-gated channel

47
Q

What is synaptic integration and what does this mean for graded potentials ?

A

Where many synapses (inhibitory and excitatory) synapse onto one neuron and can add up to inhibit or excite that neuron.
Graded potentials can summate therefore this gives them a larger input meaning stronger potential which can reach threshold

48
Q

In order for an action potential to happen it must reach a ____ , which is around ___mV

A

Threshold

55mV

49
Q

What is the rapid depolarizing phase of an action potential due to ?

A

Influx of Na ions into the cell

50
Q

What is the rapid re-polarization phase of an action potential due to ?

A

rush of potassium out of the cell

51
Q

Action potentials are encoded by their ____ where as graded potentials are encoded by their____

A

Frequency

Amplitude

52
Q

Action potentials are mediated by what kind of ion channel ?

A

Voltage gated ion channel

53
Q

What kind of potential has a refractory period and what kind doesn’t ?

A

Action Potential: Refractory period

Graded potential: No refractory period

54
Q

What forms myelin sheaths in the PNS ?

A

Schwann cells

55
Q

What forms myelin sheaths in the CNS ?

A

Oligodendrocytes

56
Q

The gaps in the myelin sheaths are called ?

A

Nodes of ranvier

57
Q

What triggers the pre-synaptic voltage gated Ca channels to open ?

A

Action potential in the motor neuron

58
Q

What kind of receptors does the Ach bind onto on the post synaptic cleft ? what does this generate ?

A

Nicotinic receptors

Local graded potential due to opening of Na and K ligand gated channels

59
Q

What removes Ach from the synaptic cleft ?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

60
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Tetrodotoxin ?

A

Blocks Na channels therefore blocks action potential generation

61
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Joro spider toxin ?

A

Blocks Ca channel in pre-synaptic cleft therefore no Ach vesicles generated

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin ?

A

Blocks machinery that generates Ach vesicles so neurotransmitter not released

63
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Curare ?

A

Blocks Ach receptors therefore no end-plate potential

64
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Anticholinesterase ?

A

Stops the breakdown of Ach therefore increased transmission at NMJ

65
Q

The synapses in the CNS have a range of post synaptic potentials, true or false ?

A

True

IPSPs and EPSPs fast and slow

Science for Medicine (18 decks)

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