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Science for Medicine > Life at a Cellular Level 1-4 > Flashcards

Life at a Cellular Level 1-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the structure of a Prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria
Lack nuclear membrane
No mitochondria
No membrane bound structures

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2
Q

Describe the structure of a Eukaryotic cell

A

Human cells
Nucleus with membrane
Membrane bound structures

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3
Q

Properties of stem cells with regards to differentiation and purpose

A

Stem cells are multipotent as they can differentiate into many different cell types

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4
Q

What causes the cell to change structure and behavior during cell differentiation ?

A

The gene expression determines this

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5
Q

How are cancel cells different than normal cell differentiation ?

A

They over proliferate and fail to specialize.

Displace and replace normal cells if not stopped.

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6
Q

What is apoptosis and what is it closely associated with ?

A

Programmed cell death and is closely associated with cell proliferation

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7
Q

Define tissues

A

Functional arrangement of cells

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8
Q

Define organs

A

Mixture of different tissues

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9
Q

Define a system

A

Organs with similar functional roles

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10
Q

The membrane lipids are said to be what ?

A

Amphipathic (Hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail)

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11
Q

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins found in the bi-layer?

A 
Transport
Intercellular joining
Enzyme activity
Receptors
Attachment to ECM or cytoskeleton
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12
Q

What are the requirements for passive fusion ?

A

Concentration gradient needed
Lipid soluble molecule
non-polar

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13
Q

What are the requirements for facilitated diffusion ?

A

Concentration gradient required

Requires carrier molecules

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14
Q

What is a tight junction ?

A

Cell to cell adhesion which forms a barrier to passive diffusion

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15
Q

What are the main two forms of adhesive junctions ?

A

Adherens and desmosomes

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16
Q

What is an Adherens junction ?

A

When two cells are joined through actin filaments

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17
Q

What is a desmosome ?

A

When two cells are joined through keratin filaments

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18
Q

What is a gap junction ?

A

Where there is a channel or hole punched between two adjacent cells. Linking the two cell’s cytoplasm together

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19
Q

Name 4 types of cell signalling

A

1: Synapse - neurotransmitter
2: Direct cell - cell contact - membrane bound protein
3: Paracrine - communicator cell mediator
4: Endocrine - Hormone transport through blood

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20
Q

Describe the properties and structure of the mitochondria

A

Has an outer layer and intermembranous space, cristae and matrix.
Self-replicating
Their own circular DNA
Synthesize most of their own proteins

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21
Q

Describe the properties and structure of the Nucleus

A

Contains Nucleoli
Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Contains DNA an RNA

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22
Q

Describe the properties of the Nucleoli

A

Where RNA is synthesised and ribosomes are assembled. It is inside the nucleus

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23
Q

Describe the properties of the nuclear envelope

A

It is closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. It is formed by a phospholipid bi-layer and contains pores.

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24
Q

What are the two types of DNA ?

A

Euchromatin

Heterochromatin

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25
Q

Describe the properties and function of the rough E.R. and the golgi apparatus and how are these two organelles linked ?

A

The rough E.R. is closely associated with the nucleus and arranges the enzymes for direction into the golgi apparatus where they are packaged for sending out of the cell.

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26
Q

What is a lysosome ?

A

It is what the enzymes are packaged into in the golgi apparatus.

27
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton and what are they comprised of ?

A

Microfilaments - actin
Intermediate filaments - fibrous proteins
Microtubules - Tubulin

28
Q

What do cilia and flagella have in common ?

A

Both cell surface projections

29
Q

What are the four elements that make up the human body ?

A

H, O, N and C

30
Q

What is the definition of configuration ?

A

The number of atoms in a molecules

31
Q

What is the definition of conformation ?

A

The precise arrangement of atoms in a molecule

32
Q

What kind of carbon bonds form in configuration ?

A

Rigid formation Carbon to Carbon double bonds

33
Q

What kind of carbon bonds form in conformation

A

Single Carbon to Carbon bonds

34
Q

What are the two distinct configurations ?

A

Cis and trans

35
Q

What are the 5 chemical reactions of life ?

A

1: Redox reactions
2: Making and breaking carbon bonds
3: Internal rearrangements
4: Group transfers
5: Condensation and hydrolysis reactions

36
Q

What is an example of an internal rearrangement reaction ?

A

G-6-P to F-6-P in Glycolysis

37
Q

What is an example of a group transfer reaction ?

A

F-6-P to F-1,6- Bisp

38
Q

Define a protein

A

Polymers of amino acid monomers, held together with peptide bonds

39
Q

What does a nucleic acid consist of ?

A

A phosphate
A base
A pentose sugar

40
Q

What are the two types of base found in a nucleic acid ?

A 
A pyramidine (U,c and T)
A purine (A and G)
41
Q

What does a polysaccharide consist of ?

A

Polymer of sugar monomers held together by glycosidic bonds

42
Q

Name two types of lipid

A

Saturated and unsaturated

43
Q

Name two classes of lipid ?

A

Phospholipid

Tryglyceride

44
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics ?

A

That energy can be converted from one form to another and the universe remains constant.

45
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics ?

A

All energy transformations ultimately lead to more disorder in the universe

46
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy ?

A

G = H - TS

47
Q

What can Gibbs free energy be used to define ?

A

The spontaneity of a reaction

48
Q

Spontaneous reactions will occur if…

A

A system gives up energy.

The entropy increases

49
Q

What is entropy ?

A

How disorganized or chaotic a system is

50
Q

What does the Delta G have to be in order for a spontaneous reaction to occur ?

A

Negative

51
Q

Hoe do unfavorable reactions occur ?

A

They use energy coupling

52
Q

Define metabolism

A

Breaking something down to create something new

53
Q

Define catabolism

A

Breaking something down to release energy

54
Q

Define anabolism

A

Breaking something down to preserve energy

55
Q

Does spontaneous also equal instantaneous ?

A

No

56
Q

What does the hydrolysis of ATP produce and what does this do to unfavorable reactions ?

A

It releases free energy which drives thermodynamically unfavorable reactions

57
Q

What does an exergonic, catabolic reaction do to free energy ?

A

Saves free energy

58
Q

What does an endergonic, anabolic pathway do to free energy ?

A

Is supplied with free energy

59
Q

Name 3 coenzymes, what is their purpose in reactions ?

A

NAD
NADH
FAD

To store energy from the reaction

60
Q

What effect does Hydrogen bonds have on molecules ?

A

H bonds are strongest when the atoms involved are arranged in a straight line.
Molecules containing ‘H’ bonds are soluble in water.

61
Q

What kind of charge must molecules have to be:

a) Water soluble
b) Insoluble

A

a) Charged (hydrophillc)

b) Uncharged

62
Q

Strong acids and strong bases do what in water ?

A

Completely disassociate

63
Q

What is a conjugate acid-base pair ?

A

A proton donor and the corresponding proton acceptor

Science for Medicine (18 decks)

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