Carbs 3

Question 1

What is an Exergonic reaction ?

Answer 1

A reaction where energy is released. This kind of reaction occurs spontaneously (Delta G must be negative)

Question 2

What is an Endergonic reaction ?

Answer 2

A reaction that requires energy to be driven. These kinds of reactions are NOT spontaneous

Question 3

What is an Exothermic reaction ?

Answer 3

A reaction that releases energy as heat or light

Question 4

What s an Endothermic reaction ?

Answer 4

A reaction where the system absorbs energy from its surroundings

Question 5

How many ATP are used/gained in the preparatory phase of Glycolysis ?

Answer 5

2 ATP Used

Question 6

What is the next step after Glucose-6-Phosphate in Glycolysis & what enzyme catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 6

Fructose-6-Phosphate

Catalyst: Phosphohexose Isomerase

Question 7

What is the name of the enzyme which catalyses the transition of Glucose to G-6-P ?

Answer 7

Hexokinase

Question 8

Where is the first ATP gained/used in the preparatory phase ?

Answer 8

When Glucose turns into G-6-P ATP is used

Question 9

What is the next stage after the production of F-6-P & what is the name of the enzyme which catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 9

Fructose-1-6-Bis-phosphate & Phosphofructokinase-1

Question 10

What is the final step of the preparatory phase of Glycolysis & what enzyme catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 10

Fructose-1-6-Bis-Phosphate to G-3-P & Adolase

Question 11

How many ATP are used/gained during the pay-off phase of Glycolysis ?

Answer 11

4 ATP are gained

Question 12

What is the net gain/loss of ATP during Glycolysis ?

Answer 12

2 ATP Gained

Question 13

Is Glycolysis an Anaerobic reaction or an Aerobic reaction ?

Answer 13

Anaerobic, occurs when no oxygen present.

Question 14

Whats happens to G-3-P in the first stage of the pay-off phase of Glycolysis ? What enzyme catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 14

G-3-P turns into 1-3-Bis-Phosphoglycerate

Enzyme: G-3-P Hydrogenase

Question 15

What is the 2nd stage of the pay-off phase of Glycolysis ? and what enzyme catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 15

1-3-Bis-Phosphoglycerate turns into 3-Phosphoglycerate

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Question 16

What is the 3rd stage of the pay-off phase of Glycolysis ? What enzyme catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 16

3-Phosphoglycerate turns into 2-Phosphoglycerate

Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Question 17

What does 2-Phosphoglycerate turn into in the pay-off phase of Glycolysis ? What enzyme catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 17

Phosphenopyruvate

Enzyme: Enolase

Question 18

How is Phosphenopyruvate turned into Pyruvate ? What enzymes catalyses this reaction ?

Answer 18

Phosphenopyruvate turns into PEP then into Pyruvate .

PEP to Pyruvate catalyzed by Pyruvate Kinase.

Question 19

Name 3 fates of Pyruvate after Glycolysis ?

Answer 19

Plants: Ethanol production
Humans: Lactate & Acetyl-CoA
It is dependent on what the body needs at a certain time.

Question 20

Name the steps plants take to form Ethanol with Pyruvate.

Answer 20

Pyruvate -> Acetaldahyde -> Ethanol
Enzyme 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylase
Enzyme 2: Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Question 21

What happens to Pyruvate in cells lacking oxygen (exercising muscle) ?

Answer 21

Lactic acid (lactate) is generated.
In exercising muscle, body does not have time to generate ATP from Oxidative phosphorylation therefore substrate level phosphorylation occurs.
Lactate -> Glucose (In liver) & liver pays oxygen debt to muscles.
This is called Gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Does the pyruvate to lactate reaction occur in the mitochondria ?

Answer 22

No. It is between liver & muscle

Question 23

When oxygen is present what is the fate of Pyruvate ?

Answer 23

Acetyl-CoA

Question 24

What is the name of the enzyme that changes Pyruvate to Lactate ?

Answer 24

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Question 25

What is the name of the enzyme that changes Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA ?

Answer 25

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 26

Where does the reaction of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA occur ?

Answer 26

In the mitochondria