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Anatomy & Physiology > Nerve Lab > Flashcards

Nerve Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the spinal chord. Begins and ends where? Ends as _____.

A

begins at the foramen magnum

ends between L1 and L2 as conus medullaris

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2
Q

What is the fibrous extension that anchors the spinal chord to the coccyx

A

filum terminale

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3
Q

what is the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebra canal? What 2 nerves do they contain?

A

cauda equina

lumbar & sacral nerves

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4
Q

What are the 2 functins of the spinal chord?

A
  • provides communication to and from the brain

- contains spinal reflex centers

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5
Q

What type of neurons are located in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral grey horn?

A 
dorsal = interneurons
ventral = somatic motor neurons
lateral = visceral motor neurons
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6
Q

Spinal nerve is formed by the union of these 2.

A

dorsal & ventral roots

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7
Q

The cell bodies of what type of neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

sensory neurons

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8
Q

Myelinated axons run through here (3).

A

dorsal, lateral, ventral white columns (funiculi)

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9
Q

Damage of the phrenic nerve causes

A

respiratory failure

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10
Q

What are the 5 nerves in the brachial plexus?

Damage in the brachial plexus causes

A
  • axillary nerve
  • musculocutaneous nerve
  • radial nerve
  • median nerve
  • ulnar nerve
  • loss of sensation in the arm
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11
Q

Which nerve is in the lumbar plexus? (2)
Where does it innervate?
damage in the lumbar plexus causes (2)

A
  • femoral nerve & saphenous
  • quadriceps
  • cant flex hips or extend knee
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12
Q

Which nerve is in the sacral plexus?
What does it innervate? (4)
damage in the sacral plexus causes (3)

A
  • sciatic nerve
  • hamstring, adductor Magnus, legs/foot
  • no flexion of knee, leg useless, “footdrop”
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13
Q

Stretching of this plexus causes a football injury called stinger.

A

brachial plexus

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14
Q

Which nerve is involve in the carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve

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15
Q

Which nerve do we hit in funny bone

A

ulnar

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16
Q

Define reflex.

A

rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli

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17
Q

Define reflex arc.

A

nerve pathways of a reflex

18
Q

Define muscle spindle.
What does it excite and initiate?

What do the golgi tendon organs inform? What does it excite and initiate?

A
  • inform the nervous system of the length of the muscle
  • excited by stretch of the muscle, initiate contraction
  • inform the brain the amount of tension in the muscle & tendons
  • excite by muscle contraction, initiate relaxation
19
Q

Define monosynaptic vs polysynaptic reflexes.

A
  • mono = one chemical synapse between one sensory and one motor neuron
  • poly = more than one chemical synapse involving interneurons
20
Q

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc? simple

A
  1. receptor - site of stimulus
  2. sensory neuron - transmits afferent impulses to the CNS
  3. integration center - mono or polysynaptic region withini the CNS
  4. motor neuron - conducts efferent impulses to an effector organ
  5. effector - muscle/gland responds by contracting or secreting
21
Q

Why is reflex testing an important part of every exam? What does a hyperactive reflex indicate? hypoactive?

A
  • test for proper functioning of the nervous system
  • hyperactive = damage to the corticospinal tract and loss of brains inhibitory input
  • hypoactive = peripheral nerve damage or ventral horn damage
22
Q

What is the difference between an inborn/intrinsic and learned/acquired reflex? What is an example?

A
  • inborn = a rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus
    ex. Splash boiling water on arm, drop pot

-acquired = result from practice or repetition,
Example: driving skills.

23
Q

all stretch reflexes are _____ and _____.

A

monosynaptic and ipsilateral

24
Q

What are the 3 steps to a stretch reflex? What happens at the same time?

A
  1. stretch activates the muscle spindle (propioceptor)
  2. sensory neurons synapse directly with the motor neuron
  3. motor neuron causes stretched muscle to contract

-inhibit motor neurons of antagonist

25
Q

What muscles and nerve are responsible for the patellar reflex? Is the patellar reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A
  • muscle spindles in quadriceps
  • nerve L2-L4
  • prevent antagonist (hamstring)
  • monosynaptic
26
Q

What 2 reflexes consist of a crossed extensor reflex? What are examples? Is it poly or monosynaptic?

A

ipsilateral flexor reflex & contralateral extensor reflex

  • step on glass; purse snatching
  • polysynaptic
27
Q

What kind of reflex is a plantar reflex? What is the stimulus? The response? What function does it test for?

What is babinski’s sign? In who is it presented? Why? What does it indicate in adults?

A
  • superficial
  • Stimulus: stroking lateral aspect of the sole of the foot
  • Response: downward flexion of the toes
  • tests function of corticospinal tracts
  • response: dorsiflexion of hallux and fanning of toes
  • Present in infants due to incomplete myelination
  • In adults, indicates corticospinal or motor cortex damage
28
Q

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc complicated?

A
  1. arrival of stimulus & activation of a receptor
  2. propogation of AP along sensory neuron. reaches the spinal cord via the dorsal root
  3. excitatory neurotransmitters released by the synaptic knob of sensory neuron, which then arrives at the postysynaptic membrane of the interneuron, which creates a EPSP (interneuron may or may not be present)
  4. AP propagates down the motor neuron via the ventral root of the spinal nerve
  5. release of neurotransmitters by motor neuron causes response from effector
29
Q

What are the 4 ways to classify reflexes?

A
  1. development - innate vs acquired
  2. response - somatic-skeletal vs visceral-control (smooth, cardiac muscles & glands)
  3. processing site - spinal vs cranial
  4. complexity of circuit - mono vs polysynaptic
30
Q

stretch reflex (simple)

A

increasing muscle length activates sensory neuron that triggers the motor response of contraction of muscle

31
Q

patellar reflex (simple) - what does it stretch after stimulation of what?

A

type of stretch reflex that contracts the quadriceps after stimulating the muscle spindles of quadricpes

32
Q

polysynaptic reflexes (simple)

A

involve several muscle groups and excitatory/inhibitory post synaptic potentials

33
Q

What does a tendon reflex prevent? How does that happen?

A
  • prevents tearing/breaking of tendons

- increase in tension = increase inhibitory effect on muscles so doesn’t break

34
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

move affected parts away from the stimulus (pain, pressure, touch)

35
Q

flexor reflex

A

stimulation of flexor muscles and inhibition of extensor muscles

36
Q

crossed extensors reflex

What tye of reflex arc is it? (2) What happens? What does it support? Is it mono or polysynaptic?

A
  • ipsilateral and contralateral reflex arc
  • stimulation of one leg causes flexor stimulation and extensor inhibition. the opposite occurs in the other leg to support body weight
  • polysynaptic
37
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of crossed extensor reflexes?

A
  1. involve interneurons
  2. intersegmental in distribution (activate many muscles)
  3. involve reciprocal inhibition (coordinates muscular contraction)
  4. have reverberating circuits (prolong reflex motor response)
  5. several reflexes cooperate to produce a coordinated/controlled response
38
Q

What is a muscle spindle? What is it excited and what does it initiate? Where is it found? Is it sensory or motor?

A
  • -inform the nervous system of the length of the muscle
  • excited by stretch of the muscle, initiate contraction
  • found in skeletal muscle
  • sensory
39
Q

Pupillary reflex

What is response? Why do you get the consensual response?
What 2 nerves mediate it and what do they do?

A
  • response: constriction of iris due to light
  • regulate the amount of light that enters the eye
  • optic (carry light impulse) & oculomotor nerve (constrict)
40
Q

Achilles reflex

what action, what muscles, what nerves? mono or polysynaptic?

A
  • foot jerks toward plantar surface
  • gastrocnemius muscle
  • S1 and S2 of the tibial nerve
  • monosynaptic

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

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