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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 8 Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Define joint. What is it also called (2)? What is its function (2)

A
  • site where 2 or more bones meet
  • anthro, articulation
  • give skeleton mobility
  • hold skeleton together
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2
Q

What are functional and structural classifications? Explain the functional (3) and structural (3) classifications of joints: and give one example of each

A
  • functional: classification based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
  • structural: classification based on material binding bones together & whether a joint cavity is present or not
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3
Q

Synovial Joint diagram

A

`

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4
Q

List the parts to a synovial joint (10)

A

articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, 3 reinforcing ligaments, rich nerve & blood supply, menisci, bursae, tedon sheath

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5
Q

Synovial joint: Articular cartilage (1)

A

-thin layer of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the articulating bones

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6
Q

Synovial Joint: Joint (articular) capsule (2)

A
  • Tubular structure that has two distinct layers.
  • The outer layer is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue.
  • The inner layer is a shiny vascular membrane (loose CT) called the synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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7
Q

Synovial joints: synovial fluid, what is in it/secretion (3), function (2)

A
  • A clear viscous fluid (filtrate of plasma, hyaluronic acid, macrophages) secreted by the synovial membrane
  • lubrication & nourishment of the joint
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8
Q

Synovial joint: ligaments (1), 3 types

A
  • Bundles of tough collagenous fibers serve to reinforce the joint capsule
    1. Capsular: part of fibrous capsle
    2. Extracapsular: outside the capsule
    3. Intracapsular: deep capsule covered by synovial membrane
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9
Q

Synovial joint: menisci

A

-Disks of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints that serve as shock absorbers.

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10
Q

Synovial joints: bursae. What is its function? What is bursitis? What is it caused by? What is its treatment?

A
  • “purse”
  • synovial fluid-filled sacs, lined with synovial membrane
  • that cushion and aid the movement of tendons/reduce friction
  • inflammation of the bursa, caused by a blow/friction
  • treated with rest and ice, if severe, antiinflammatory drugs
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11
Q

What is tendon sheath? (2)

A
  • elongated bursa that wraps completely around tendon

- reduces frictions as tendons glides over structures

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12
Q

List six types of synovial joints, and name an example of each type.

A
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13
Q

identify the bones and major ligaments of the knee (3, 2, 4)

A

Joints surrounded by one joint cavity

  • femoropatellar joint
  • lateral & medial tibiofemoral joints

Extracapsular ligaments

  • tibial collateral ligaments
  • fibular collateral ligament

Intracapsular ligaments

  • anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments
  • medial & lateral meniscus
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14
Q

patellar & quadriceps femoris

A
  • patellar: ligaments that continue from tendons of quadriceps of anterior thigh
  • quadriceps femoris: muscle that allows for flexion and extension
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15
Q

medial & lateral collaterals, what movements of the knee are prevented by them

what are they also called?

A
  • prevent medial /lateral (side to side) rotation

- tibial collateral, fibular collateral

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16
Q

anterior & posterior cruciates, which movements are prevented by these

A

-prevent anterior-posterior displacement

17
Q

what are the medial and lateral menisci. What is their function? Where are they attached? What often happens to them?

A
  • fibrocartilage pads that improve fit of tibiofemoral joint
  • only attached at outer margin
  • often torn
18
Q

what is “water on the knee”?

A
  • when excess fluid accumulates in the knee due to inflammation
  • bursitis of the prepatellar bursa
19
Q

rheumatoid arthritis: causes (1), typical manifestations (2 - what is the last step of the process called), and treatments (3)

A

Cause
-unknown

Manifestation

  • inflamed synovial membranes thicken into a pannus
  • pannus erodes cartilage, scar issue forms, articulating bones connect (ankylosis)

Treatment

  • conservative therapy: aspirin, long-term use antibiotics, physical therapy
  • progressive therapy: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants like methotrexate
  • joint replacement
20
Q

osteoarthritis: causes, typical manifestations (4), and treatments (5)

A

Cause
-normal aging process

Manifestations

  • breaking down of articular cartilage to enlarge bone ends and restrict movement
  • joints of spine, hip, knee, finger

Treatment
-moderate activity, pain relievers, capsaicin creams, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate, RICE (rest, ice, compress, elevate)

21
Q

gouty arthritis: causes, typical manifestations, and treatments

A

Cause
-deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation

Manifestation

  • more common in men
  • affects joint at big toe
  • if untreated, bone ends fuse and immobolize joint

Treatment
-drugs, water, avoidance of alcohol, red meats, liver, kidneys

-alcohol has high level of purin (nucleotide)

22
Q

What’s the connection between gout and red meat?

A

red meats are skeletal muscles that are multinucleated. Uracil of RNA metabolized, producing uric acid

23
Q

state the difference between a “strain” and a “sprain”

A
  • strain: spasm of the muscle, over-stretching of the muscle

- sprain: ligaments stretched or torn

24
Q

what does “torn cartilage” refer to?

A

torn meniscus

25
Q

describe “arthroscopy” and “arthroplasty”

A
  • arthroscopy: joint replacement surgery through a tiny slit to minimize tissue damage
  • arthroplasty: open surgery for joint replacement
26
Q

List at least two symptoms of Lyme’s disease. What causes it?

What happens if untreated?
Treatment?

A
  • caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by ticks
  • symptoms: bulls-eye skin rash, flu-like symptoms, foggy thinking
  • if untreated chronic infection can occur, leading to join paint and arthritis
  • treatment: antibiotics
27
Q

movements along sagittal plane (3)

A
  1. flexion - decrease angle
  2. extension - increase ange
  3. hyperextension - excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
28
Q

movements along the frontal plane

A
  1. abdction - away from middle
  2. adduction - towards the middle
  3. circumdcution - flexion + abduction + extension + adduction
29
Q

rotation (2)

A
  • medial - towards the center

- lateral - away from center

30
Q

movements of radius around ulna: at proximal radio-ulnar joints

A
  • supination: palms up towards sun

- pronation: palms down towards plants

31
Q
A
  • dorsiflexion: foot up

- plantar flexion: feet down

32
Q
A
  • inversion: feet towards middle

- eversion: feet outwards

33
Q
A
  • protraction of mandible: chin out
  • retraction of mandible: chin in
  • elevation of mandible: neck up
  • depression of mandible: neck down
34
Q
A

-opposition: closing of thumb & index finger

35
Q

what three knee ligaments are usually injured together

A
  • tibial collateral ligament
  • anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • medial meniscus
36
Q

what is trick knee

A

dislocation of patella

37
Q

of all body joints, which one is the most susceptible to the body?

A

knee

38
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of the bone

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

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