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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tissue are cartilages? Where are hyaline cartilages, elastic cartilages, and fibrocartilage found?

A
  • connective tissue
  • hyaline: ends of bones/joints
  • elastic: ear
  • fibrocartilage: vertebral disc
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2
Q

List the functions of skeletal system (6)

A
  1. Support: for the body and soft organs
  2. Movement: levers muscle action
  3. Protection: for brain, spinal chord, vital organs
  4. Storage
    - mineral bank for Ca and phosphorus
    - triglyceride storage in bone cavities (yellow marrow)
    - growth hormone
  5. Blood cell formation: (hematopoiesis) in red marrow cavities
  6. Production of osteocalcin: hormone that regulates bone formation and increases insulin sensitivity
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3
Q

What kind of tissues are in bones? (6)

A
  • osseous tissue
  • nervous
  • cartilage
  • fibrous connective
  • muscle
  • epithelial cells in blood vessels
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4
Q

Diagram: Illustrate the major features of a long bone including the following: diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal line, Epiphyseal plate, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, nutrient foramen

A
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5
Q

What kind of marrow is found in the central medullary cavity of infants and adults?

A
  • infants = red bone marrow

- adults = yellow bone marrow

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6
Q

Where is red marrow found in an adult bone? (4)

A

trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones (ex. sternum), heads of femur/humerus only

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7
Q

what is produced in the red bone marrow? What is the process called?

A
  • WBC, RBC, platelets

- hematopoiesis

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8
Q

Periosteum. What are its two layers?

A
  1. outer fibrous layer with dense irregular CT

2. inner osteogenic layer with osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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9
Q

What is endosteum? What bone cells are found here? (2)

A
  • delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone

- osteoblasts & osteoclasts

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10
Q

Discuss the Haversian (Osteon) System as the structural unit of compact bone using the following terms: osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, Haversian canal, blood vessels, bone matrix, and canaliculi, perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A
  1. The strucural unit of a compact bone is called an osteon or the haversion system.
  2. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that occupy cavities (lacunae) and help maintain the matrix.
  3. Each osteon is placed in weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes called lamellae, laid by the osteoblasts.
  4. The central canal of the osteon is also called the haversion canal, and it contains veins, arteries, lymph vessels, and a nerve.
  5. Canaliculi are hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal that helps them communicate with each other.
  6. Perforating (volkman’s) canal run at right angles to the central canal and connets the blood vessels/nerves of the periosteum and central canal.
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11
Q

What are monocytes? What do monocytes mature into? How do they use their arms? What organelle do they contain most?

Notes

A
  • WBC
  • when mature, makes macrophages
  • arms used to attach, move towards, and engulf target
  • have more lysosome because have digestive acids that removes Ca
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12
Q

Describe the anatomy of spongy bone in terms of trabeculae (8)

A
  • found in irregular, flat, short bone
  • matrix secreted irregularly (no lamellae)
  • no osteon
  • needle projections (spicules) form trabeculae
  • sandwiched in between 2 compact bones
  • red marrows between the trabeculae
  • called “diploe” in flat bones
  • capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
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13
Q

Osteogenic cells origin (1), location (2), function (2)

A
  • mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow
  • in periosteum and endosteum
  • stem cells, actively mitotic
  • give rise to osteoblasts
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14
Q

Osteoblasts origin (1), location (2), and function (2) - what kind of cells are they?

A
  • osteogenic cells
  • endosteum, periosteum
  • synthesize and secrete a collagen matrix (bone-forming) and calcium salts (makes it hard)

-immature

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15
Q

Osteocytes origin (1), location (1), and function (1)

A
  • mature from osteoblasts
  • trapped in lacunae with canaliculi
  • maintains the bone matrix
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16
Q

Osteoclast origin (2), location (1), and function - where does it go? (2) structure (2)

A
  • a WBC, stemming from multiple monocytes and marophages
  • found in compact bones
  • break down, bone-resorbing with acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms (bad guy, removed Ca from bone matrix and makes them soft)
  • goes to red blood cell
  • ruffled border increase SA for enzyme degradation of bone
  • have multiple nuclei to make more proteins to make more digestive enzymes which increase resorption of ca
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17
Q

What makes up matrix of bone (osteoids)? (3, 3)

A
  1. Organic part of Osteoid
    - secreted by osteoblasts
    - consists of collagen fibers that provide tensile strength and flexibility
    - ground substance containing proteoglycans and glycoproteins
  2. Inorganic part of Osteoid
    - consists of hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
    - mainly calcium phosphate crystals
    - gives hardness & rigidity
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18
Q

What makes bone hard?

A

hydroxyapatites

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19
Q

What prevents it from being brittle?

A

Ca

20
Q

Define the term hematopoiesis and name the major skeletal locations where it occurs.

A
  • production of red blood cell

- femur, humerus, sternum, iliac*

21
Q

Name the important function that the trabeculae in spongy or cancellous bones allow

A

-a network of supporting beams that provides strength and support the bones

22
Q

Define ossification.

A

process of bone tissue formation

23
Q

Flat bones are formed by _____ ossification? Describe the basic process in two sentences, including from what tissue these bones form.

A
  • fintramembranous
  • The process begins within the fibrous membranes (formed from mesenchymal cells)
    1. ossification centers appear in the mesenchymal cells
    2. bone matrix (osteoid) is made and calsifies
    3. Woven bone is made and periosteum forms
    4. Spongy bone is formed and red bone marrow appears.
24
Q

All bones except flat bones are formed by _____? What do they do? Describe the basic process in four sentences, including from what tissue these bones form.

A
  • endochondral ossification
  • replaces the hyaline cartilage
    1. primary ossification center appears
    2. bone collar forms
    3. calcification in center of diaphysis and cavities drop
    4. periosteal bud (blood vessel) invades internal cavities
    5. Medullary cavities form and diaphysis elongates
    6. After birth secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis and form the epiphysis
25
Q

Name the two areas where Hyaline cartilage remains in the bone after endochondral ossification?

A

epiphyseal plate & end of bones as articular cartilage

26
Q

Discuss the structure of the epiphyseal plate, explain its significance, and discuss its fate.

What is it also called?
Where is the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • also known as growth plate, disc of hyaline cartilage
  • epiphyseal plate grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
  • epiphyseal line is the remnant of the epiphysis (epiphyseal line replaces the plate)
  • epiphyseal plate is the cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis
27
Q

Compare and contrast appositional (5) bone growth and interstitial (3) bone growth. What parts of the bone are responsible for growth in width and length?

Which hormones cause interstitial growth?

A

Interstitial growth

  • increase in length
  • occurs in the epiphyseal plate, which is replaced by the epiphyseal line
  • grows until puberty due to progesterone/estrogen, growth/thyroid hormones

Appositional growth

  • increase in width/thickness
  • occurs in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum
  • OB lay down circumferential lamella
  • OC destroying bone matrix at the endosteal surface along the medullary cavity
  • OC more active than OB = thickening of the bone
28
Q

Interstitial growth 4 zones

notes

A
  1. proliferation zone: cartilage # increases (mitosis)
  2. hypertrophic zone: older cartilage enlarge
  3. calcification zone: matrix calcified
  4. ossification zone: new bone formation
29
Q

Compare and contrast the functions of osteoblasts (2) and osteoclasts (2) in bone remodeling.

A
  • OB secrete matrix and deposit Ca into bone (bone deposit)

- OC digestive enzymes digest matrix and acids convert calcium salt into soluble forms (bone resorption)

30
Q

Explain the effects of these hormones on the bone - Growth hormone

A

stimulates epiphyseal plate activity (interstitial growth)

31
Q

Explain the effects of these hormones on the bone - Thyroid hormone

A

maintains activity of the growth hormone for proper skeletal functions

32
Q

Explain the effects of these hormones on the bone - Calcitonin

A

decreases blood Ca levels by stimulating OB

33
Q

Explain the effects of these hormones on the bone - Parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood Ca levels by stimulating OC

34
Q

Describe which hormones maintain calcium levels in the blood

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases blood Ca levels by stimulating OC
    - secreted by parathyroid gland
    - Ca reabsorbed to the bloodstream
  2. Calcitonin - decreases blood Ca levels by stimulating OB
    - secreted by thyroid gland
    - Ca deposited back into the bone
35
Q

Explain the effects of these hormones on the bone - Estrogen and testosterone (3)

A
  • promote adolescent growth spurts
  • bone formation greater than cartilage growth
  • ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure (18-21 years)
36
Q

List the functions of calcium in our body (5)

A
  1. transmission of nerve impulses
  2. muscle contraction
  3. blood coagulation
  4. secretion by glands and nerve cells
  5. cell division
37
Q

In relation to a fracture, what are the 6 terms you can describe them in?

A
  • non-displaced: ends retain normal position
  • displaced: ends out of normal alignment
  • complete: broken all the way through
  • incomplete: not broken all the way through
  • compound: open, bones penetrate skin
  • simple: closed, bones do not penetrate skin
38
Q

Know the 4 basic steps in fracture repair and a short description of each step

A
  1. hematoma forms: blood clots form and tissue becomes swollen, paintufull, and inflammed
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms: chondroblasts secrete matrix
  3. bony callus forms: OB lay down trabeculae to form spongy bone
  4. bone remodeling occurs: excess material on the diaphysis and within medullary cavity removed
39
Q

List the vitamins and minerals involved in bone remodeling (8) and discuss the action (and any resulting deficiency) of each.

Which vitamin/mineral deficiency cause osteoporosis? (5)

A
  • viatmin D - rickets, osteoporosis
  • calcium - rickets, osteoporosis
  • vitamin A - not enough stimulation of OC which decrease bone mass and cause fractures
  • protein - osteoporosis
  • vitamin C - helps in trabecular bone formation and without it can cause scurvy
  • phosphorus - more phospohorus than Ca will use up Ca and can cause osteoporosis
  • magnesium - less bone formation can cause osteoporosis
  • manganese - bone malformation

Ca, P, Mg, protein, D decificency = osteoporosis

40
Q

What is rickets and what causes it (2)?

A

-bowed legs & other deformities
-vitamin D or calcium deficiency
-ca salts not deposited
(vitamin D needed for absorbing calcium)

41
Q

What is osteoporosis? What are factors that contribute to it (8)? Why is it common after menopause? What treatments are recommended (4)?

A
  • loss of bone mass: bone resorption outpaces deposit
  • risk factors: lack of estrogen, Ca, vD, petite body form, immobility, smoking, hyperthyroidism, diabetes
  • at menopause, estrogen that keeps OC in check are no longer produced
  • treatment: Ca, vD, fluoride supplements, weight-bearing exercises
42
Q

What is the structural unit of a compact bone and spongy bone?

A
  • compact: osteon

- spongy (cancellous): trabeculae

43
Q

what are sesamoid bones found and where are they found

A

special types of short bones found in tendons

Ex. patella

44
Q

where are short bones found it? what is its shape

A

bones of wrist and ankle

-cube shaped

45
Q

where are flat bones found? what is its shape?

A
  • skull, sternum

- thin, flat, slightly curved

46
Q

where are irregular bones found in

A

pelvis, vertebrae

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

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