Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 11 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

KNOW THE ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF EACH DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

**not in lecture WHAT DO SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC DIVISIONS OF THE PNS INNERVATE?

not in lectureWHAT ARE THE TWO DIVISIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

CNS = brain and spinal chord
-integration and command center

PNS =. paired spinal (31) and cranial nerves (12)
-carry messages to and from the brain

  • somatic division innervate skeletal muscles
  • autonomic divisions innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
  • Parasympathetic: conserves energy
  • Sympathetic: mobilizes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

KNOW FUNCTIONS OF NEUROGLIAL “SUPPORTING CELLS”.

WHICH ARE IN THE CNS?
WHICH ARE IN THE PNS?

A 
CNS = astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
PNS = satellite cells, Schwann cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

astrocytes

A

CNS - support & brace neurons and their capillarie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

microglia

A

CNS - phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ependymal cells function & location

A

CNS - has cillia that moves and circulate the cerebral spinal fluid
-lines cavitites of the brain and spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

wrap CNS axons forming insulating myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Satellite cells. What is its function? What is it similar to in the CNS?

A

PNS

  • surround cell bodies in the PNS
  • similar to astrocytes in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Schwann cells What do they form? They are vital to _____. What is it similar to in the CNS?

A
  • form myelin sheaths
  • vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves
  • similar to oligodendrocytes in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MYELIN SHEATH? (2)

WHAT CELLS PRODUCE IT IN THE CNS?

IN THE PNS?

A
  • protects and insulates neuron
  • increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
  • CNS = oligodendrocyte
  • PNS = schwann cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

Why does the action potential (AP) travel faster in myelinated fibers?

What is this process called

A
  • myelin sheath gaps between schwann cells

- voltage Na channels in nodes of ranvier allows Na to rush in (called saltatory conduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What part receives incoming stimuli and generates a graded potential (GP)?

What part generates an action potential (AP)?

A
  • dendrites

- axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Nissl bodies in the cell body?

A

RER in neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a neuron? Know the anatomy (3) and general characteristics (3) of a neuron. (We used a motor neuron as our example.)

A

-excitable cells that transmit electrical impulses

  • structural unit of the nervous system
  • large, highly specialized cells that conduct impulses
  • have cell body and processes
  • extreme longevity
  • amiototic/do not regenerate (damage = paralysis)
  • high metabolic rate (requires continsous glucose & O2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which neurons are structurally unipolar?

Which are bipolar?

What neurons are multipolar?

A 
unipolar = sensory neurons (like temperature from touch)
biopolar = retina of the eye & organs of sensory organs
multipolar = motor neurons & interneuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of a: motor neuron; sensory neuron ; interneuron

A
  • motor neurons = carry impulses from CNS to the effectors
  • sensory = transmits impulses from sensory receptors to CNS
  • interneurons = shuttle signals between motor and sensory neurons (most neurons are this type)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What creates the resting membrane potential? (3, 4) What voltage is it?

A
  • differences in ionic makeup of ICF and ECF &
  • ICF has high Cl- and Na+
  • ECF has high K+ and - proteins
  • differential permeability of the plasma membrane
  • impermeable to negative proteins
  • slightly permeable to Na+ & K+ (leakage proteins)
  • freely permeable to Cl-

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is depolarization? (2)

The entry of what ion causes depolarization?

A
  • decrease in membrane potential
  • inside of cells becoming less negative
  • voltage gated Na+ opens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is repolarization? (2)

The exit of what ion causes repolarization?

A
  • increase in membrane potential
  • becomes more negative
  • K+ voltage gated channels open
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

The exit of what ion causes hyperpolarization?

A
  • influx of excessive K+

- becomes more negative than resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 3 types of gated channels in neuron membranes?

A
  1. ligand-gated: open when neurotransmitters attach to the receptors
  2. voltage-gated: receptors open with change in voltage
  3. leakage channels: always open, allows Na+ and K+ (more K+ leakage channels than K+) to wiggle through
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the absolute and relative refractory periods of a neuron? Are neurons able to respond to stimuli?

What does an absolute refractory period ensure? (2)

Repolarization/hyperpolarization/depolarization is occurring during a relative refractory period?

A

absolute refractory period

  • time from opening of Na channels until reset
  • neuron unable to respond to stimuli
  • ensures reaching of AP
  • ensures one way transmission of impulses

relative refractory period

  • Na return to resting state & some K channels still open
  • repolarization occurring
  • only exceptionally strong stimulus could generate an AP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a synapse?

A

-junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to another neuron of an effector cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Know what happens at a chemical synapse.

The entry of what ion through voltage-gated channels in the axonal terminal stimulates the vesicles containing neurotransmitter (NT) to fuse with the axonal membrane of a presynaptic membrane?

By what process is the NT released into the synaptic cleft?

NT binds to receptors on the _______________ neuron.

The NT causes the generation of what kind of potential on the postsynaptic neuron?

A
  • Ca
  • exocytosis
  • post-synaptic neuron
  • graded potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons transmits impulses to/away from synapse?

A
  • presynaptic - conducts impulses toward the synapse

- postsynaptioc - transmits impulses away from synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

not in lecture What are 3 ways the neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. diffusion away from synaptic cleft
  2. degradation - by enzymes
  3. reuptake - by astrocytes or axon terminal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a graded potential? What do depolarization and hyperpolarization mean in terms of the neuron being likely to “fire”?

A
  • short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential
  • depolarization means neuron fired
  • during hyperpolarization, neurons do not fire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an action potential? Where does it occur?

A
  • brief reversal of membrane potential

- occurs in sarcolemma of muscles & AXONS of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are graded potentials and action potentials different and where on the neuron is each usually generated?

A
  • graded potential = dendrites, local change

- action potential = axons of neuron, spreads through neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

An AP is generated when voltage gated _______________ channels open.

Where does the voltage come from?

A

Na+

influx of Na+ ions into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Speed of AP transmission depends on what 2 factors? They are faster when _____.

A

diameter (bigger is faster) & degree of myelination (more insulation is faster)
of nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are A (just know this), B, and C nerve fibers?

A

thickest, quickest nerve fiber

32
Q

Where are electrical synapses found in the body?

In electrical synapses, ions can rapidly enter cells to depolarize them because they move through membrane junctions called ____________________________ .

A
  • embryonic nervous tissues & some brain regions

- gap junctions

33
Q

What is an IPSP and an EPSP?

***Are they a graded or an action potential?

Is each generated by depolarization or hyperpolarization?

A

IPSP = inhibitory post synaptic potential
-hyperpolarization when K leaves the cell or Cl- enters cell

EPSP = excited post synaptic potential

  • inside becomes positive as ligand gated channels open and Na enters and K leaves (net +)
  • graded potential (depolarization) that helps trigger AP if threshold is reached

-both graded potential

34
Q

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (NT) that is deficient in ___________________ disease.

A

parkinson’s disease

35
Q

The antidepressant Elavil acts as selective ____________________ (2) uptake inhibitor, allowing the NT to remain in the synaptic cleft longer.

A

norepinephrine/adrenaline/epinephrine, serotonin

36
Q

What NT is excitatory at the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

37
Q

What neurotransmitter is thought to play a role in sleep and appetite disorders, migraines, and its re-uptake is blocked by the antidepressant Prozac?

A

seratonin

38
Q

What is the main inhibitory NT in the brain?

A

GABA

39
Q

Why is glutamate called “the stroke NT”?

A

excessive release from damaged neuron is toxic to brain

40
Q

What NT is a mediator of pain signals? How?

A

endorphins, inhibiting substane P

41
Q

What are the effects of the endorphin? What are they naturally? What 2 drugs mimick this?

A
  • natural opiates that reduce pain by inhibiting substance B

- mimicked by heroin & morphine

42
Q

What do Na/K pumps do? How many Na pumped? K? In which direction?

A

create resting potentials

3 Na out, 2 K in

43
Q

What causes multiple sclerosis? What does it form? What are its symptoms? (5)

A
  • demyelinations of CNS neurons
  • forms thick scars (nonfunctional sclerosis)
  • visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, speech disturbances, urinary incontinence
44
Q

What are the 2 different types of synapses?

A
  • axodendritic - between axon & dendrite

- axosomatic - between axon & soma

45
Q

LSD blocks the inhibitory activity of _____.

A

serotonin

46
Q

Excessive dopamine causes _____.

A

scizophrenia

47
Q

The reuptake of these 2 neurotransmitters are blocked by cocaine to produce a feel good effect.

A

norepinephrine and dopamine

48
Q

Acetylcholine is _____ in skeletal muscle but _____ in cardiac muscle (_____ receptors)

A

excitatory, inhibitory, beta-1 receptor

49
Q

action potential numbers

  • resting membrane potential
  • graded potential
  • action potential
  • hyperpolarization
A

-70
-55
+35

50
Q

Small/big/polar/non-polar molecules are allowed through leakage/ligand gated/voltage gated channels. (2)

A
  • leakage channels: small, non-polar

- gated channels (ligand and voltage channels): big, polar

51
Q

What are the 4 main voltage-gated channels used for muscle contraction and sending neuro impulses?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++

52
Q

**What is diffusion? What are 3 different kinds of diffusion?

A
  • movement of molecules from high to low concentration
  • simple diffusion of small/nonpolar molecules through leakage proteins
  • facilitated diffusion for larger molecules
  • receptor-mediated difussion: molecules (like aa and glucose) bind to receptor and open the pathway
53
Q

What are the 2 kinds of excitatory cells? What does that mean?

A

muscles (myocyte), neurons

-can be excited to do something

54
Q

5 steps of action potential (2 pre-step)

A
  1. action potential opens voltage-gated Ca++ on the neuron. the Ca++ goes to the terminal button
  2. acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft
  3. RMP - negative on the inside, positive on the outside
  4. Graded potential - Acetyl choline attaches to the ligand gated Na+ channel, the receptor opens and lets Na+ inside, making the charge more positive. Creates graded potential, which is a local change
  5. Depolarization - once the threshold is reached, the graded potential opens up the voltage-gated Na+ channels, to let even more Na+ inside, rapidly. This makes all of the cell membrane positive. In this stage, action potential has occurred.
  6. Repolarization - voltage-gated Na+ channels close, and voltage-gated K+ channels open and let K+ go outside, making the inside negative again.
  7. Hyperpolarization - cell becomes more negative than original as K+ channel remains open. Here, cells cannot do anything and become inhibited
55
Q

Not in objectives

What is the pathway of nervous system (3)

A
  1. sensory input - information about changes gathered via afferent pathway
  2. integration - interpretation of sensory input
  3. motor output - activation of effector organs to produce a response
56
Q

Not in objectives

Where are interneurons located? What brain functions is it used to do? (3)

A
  • CNS (brain)

- memory, thinking, decision making

57
Q

What are the 2 types of nerve cells?

A

neurons & neuroglia (supporting celles)

58
Q

Quiz

Long axons are called _____.

A

nerve fibers

59
Q

talked about in class

neurons can form synapses with these 3 things

A

muscle, galnds, neurons

60
Q

What is a neurilemma?

A

peripheral bulge of Schwann cell cytoplasm

61
Q

_____ creates an electrical current and voltage changes across the cell membrane

A

ion flow

62
Q

chemical/electrical synapses are more common

A

chemical

63
Q

chemical synapses are highly _____

A

specialized

64
Q

A synaptic cleft ensures _____ between neurons.

A

unidirectional communication

65
Q

The cell membrane is 75 times more permeable to _____ than _____ through leakage channels

A

K+, Na+

66
Q

changes in _____ are signals.

A

membrane potential

67
Q

Talked about in class

give 3 sentences of graded potentials

A
  1. local change
  2. short distance signals
  3. decrease in magnitude with distance because ions diffuse through leakage channels
68
Q

AP does/does not decrease in magnitude over long distance.

A

does not

69
Q

AP is a brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of _____ mV.

A

100

70
Q

True or false

AP is an all or none phenomenon.

A

true

71
Q

Meylination prevents _____ of charge.

A

leakage

72
Q

The strength of graded potentials depend on _____. (2)

A

amount of neurotransmitter released, time the neurotransmitter is in the area

73
Q

a signle EPSP can/cannot induce an action potential. EPSP must ____ to reach threshold by either increasing the ____ or _____. IPSP ____ EPSP summation

A
  • cannot
  • EPSP must summate by increasing the frequency of stimuli or gathering multiple stimuli from different sources
  • IPSP and EPSP cancels each other out
74
Q

_____ are the language of the nervous system.

A

neruotransmitters

75
Q

True or false. Most neurons make 2 or more neurotransmitters

A

true

76
Q

Which neurotransmitters produce the feel good effect? (4)

A

norepinephrine, dopamine

77
Q

_____ cells are vital for damaged peripheral nerves

A

schwann cells

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions