Chapter 19 Central Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Talked about in class, not in objective.
Describe the pathway of signals from receptors to effectors. (5)
A
- cells in the somatic and visceral regions have receptors.
- Signal is sent along the afferent pathway to the post central gyrus of the brain (somatic sensory area)
- the signals then go to the cortex through interneurons
- the signals go through the interneurons which synapse with motor neurons in the precentral gyrus
- the signal is sent along the efferent pathway to muscles & glands
2
Q
What do interneurons do? (4)
Talked about in class, not in objective.
A
receive message, memory, decision, interprets
3
Q
_____ (type of cell) from the _____ (organ) make the autonomic nervous system.
Talked about in class, not in objective.
A
motor neurons from the hypothalamus
4
Q
List, what are the collection of cell bodies called in CNS_________ and what are they called in the PNS______
A
CNS = nuclei PNS = ganglion
5
Q
List, what the Collection of myelinated axons are called in CNS _____ and what are they called in PNS_______
A
CNS = tract (eg. olfactory, optic tract) PNS = nerves
6
Q
White matter. what is it made up of
Gray matter. what is it made up of
Which one is inside and outside in the cerebrum and spinal chord?
A
white matter = myelinated tracts
grey matter = neuron cell bodies with nucleus, unmyelinated
cerebellum = grey outside, white inside spine = grey inside, white outside
7
Q
What are the 3 meninges?
Where is the CSF?
Talked about in class, not in objective.
A
- dura matter
- arachnoid matter
- pia matter
subarachnoid space
8
Q
This meninge has spider like extensions.
A
arachnoid matter
9
Q
What does BBB stand for? Brain uses lots of glucose (20%) because it has ____ going inside the brain. What types of cell surround the arteries? What do they create? What passes through? (3) What meninge is in between?
What is its primary function?
What is meningits? Why is it difficult to treat?
Talked about in class, not in objectives
A
- blood brain barrier
- blood vessels go inside brain
- squamous epithelium on one side and ependymal cells on other creates tight junctions that only allows O2, aa, CO2 to pass-through. pia matter in between
- function is to prevent substances from entering the cranial cavity
- inflammation of meninges (pia and arachnoid mater) hard to treat because antibodies do not cross the BBB
10
Q
What is cortex made of? gray matter or white matter
A
gray matter
11
Q
***True or false
The brain and spinal chord both have a central cavity.
A
true
12
Q
What centers are located in pre and post central gyri
A
post central gyri = sensory center
pre central gyri = motor center
13
Q
The central sulcus lies between what lobes
A
frontal & parietal lobes
14
Q
***Objective, not in powerpoint
What are these parts of the cerebrum and what is their importance?
gyri
sulci
fissure
A
gyri = bulges sulci = ridges fissure = deep grooves
gyri & sulci increase SA
fissure divides the brain
15
Q
Which cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language and math skills?
A
left hemisphere
16
Q
Which hemisphere is dominant for recognizing faces and appreciation of beauty?
A
right
17
Q
The nerves ____ when creating left and right hemispheres.
Thus, right handed people are _____ dominant.
Talked about in class, not in objectives
A
decussatate, left hemisphere
18
Q
Brain is constantly firing AP, which requires _____.
In cardiac arrest, there is no _____, which results in brain death.
Talked about in class, not in objectives
A
glucose, blood going to brain
19
Q
What are the 4 cerebral hemispheres? What are they divided by?
Talked about in class, not in objectives
A
left & right hemisphere divded by longitudinal fissures
cerebrum and cerebellum divided by transverse fissures
20
Q
What are the 4 regions of the CNS?
A
- 2 cerebral hemispheres
- diencephalon
- brain stem
- cerebellum
21
Q
What does corpus callosum connect?
A
left & right hemispheres
22
Q
_____ cells line vesicles and help make the CSF
A
ependymal
23
Q
What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebrum?
A
motor (voluntary movement), sensory (awareness of sensation), association (integration info)
24
Q
primary somatosensory cortex - location & function (4)
A
location = postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe function = sensations of touch, temperature, pressure, pain
25
somatosensory association cortex location & function (2)
```
location = parietal lobe
function = memory from previous experience, feel parts of objects without looking (purse diving)
```
26
gustatory cortex - location & function & damage
```
location = parietal lobe (insula)
function = taste
damage = not being able to taste
```
27
primary auditory cortex - location & function & damage
```
location = temporal lobe
function = sounds
damage = deafness
```
28
auditory association area
function (3)
-recognize/differentiate/store memories of sounds, voices, songs, pitch
29
Broca's area
other name, location, function, damage
```
name = sensory speech area
location = frontal lobe, motor area
function = speech
damage = aphasia (loss of speech)
```
30
Wernike's area
function, damage
```
function = understanding written language
damage = speaks nonsense
```
31
visual association area
location, function (2), damage
```
location = occipital lobe
function = associate image with spelling/recognize flowers, faces, other objects from past experience
damage = can see but cannot comprehend
```
32
visual cortex
location, damage
```
location = occipital lobe
damage = blindness
```
33
primary motor cortex
location, function
```
location - precentral gyrus in frontal lobe
function - controls voluntary motor movemets
```
34
premotor cortex
location, function
```
location = frontal lobe
function = learning, understanding, conscientious behavior
```
35
prefrontal cortex
location, function
```
location = frontal lobe
function = plan movements, conscious controlled movements (like choreographer), working memory, problem solving
```
36
frontal eye field
function
function = voluntary eye movement
37
olfactoy cortex
location
function
damage
What is special about the olfactory nerve?
```
location = temporal lobe
function = small
damage = cannot smell
```
olfactory nerves goes straight to cerebral cortex & bypass the thalamus
38
What are the 5 functions of the dominant hemisphere?
- voluntary movement (pre and post central gyrus)
- understanding written lang (Wernicke)
- speech (Broca)
- math computation
- analytical abilities
39
_____ area is in the precentral gyrus & _____ area is in the postcentral gyrus
```
precentral = primary somatomotor area
postcentral = primary somatosensory area
```
40
function of the grey matter of the cerebral cortex
decision making
41
The _____ nerve is the olfactory nerve.
first
42
visceral sensory area - function
conscientious perceptions of visceral sensations (like upset stomach)
43
vestibular cortex - function
conscious awareness of balance
44
The 8th nerve is called the _____ nerve. What are the 2 functions?
vetibulo-cocchlear
| balance)-(hearing
45
What are the 4 motor areas?
primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, frontal eye field, brocas area
46
What is the function of basal nuclei? What neurotransmitter (NT) controls their activity? What 2 diseases happen as a result of hyposecretion of this NT? What disease happens as a result of hypersecretion of this NT? What kind of movements is seen in both? What happens to the basal nuclei?
Which disease produces flapping movements?
- function = prevents unnecessary motor movement
- dopamine
- hypo = less = low dopamine = parkinsons
- basal nuclei overactive
- hyper= lots of = high dopamine = schizophrenia, huntingtons disease
- basal nuclei deteriorates
huntington
47
What is the function of the limbic system? (2) What are they made of? (2) What nerve works closely with this system? How? What disease is it linked to?
- controls emotions & help form memories
- cingulate gyrus & hippocampus
- olfactory nerve --> smells associated with memories
- PTSD (someone smells smoke, reminds them of war, and start sweating)
48
What structures make the Diencephalon? (10)
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- mamillary bodies
- pineal gland
- choroid plexus of the third ventricle
- optic nerve
- optic chiasma
- optic tract
- Retina
49
What is the major function of reticular formation? What happens when it is less active?
- keeps you alert
| - yawn
50
What 3 parts of the brain control sleep?
hyothalamus, reticular formation, pineal gland
51
_____ (hormone) from the pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.
Increase =
Decrease =
melatonin
increase melatonin = sleep
decrease melatonin = wake
52
What structures make the Brain stem
- mid brain
- pons
- medulla
53
What is in the midbrain?
cerebral aquaduct
54
What is the function of the pons?
respiratory center, controls rythym of breathing
55
Function of the medulla oblongata.
cardiovascular & respiratory center (rate & depth of breathing)
56
What is important about the medulla oblongata and pons?
cranial nerves come out of them
57
What happens when the brain stem is damaged? How?
death because cardiovascular and respiratory systems damaged
| because no glucose or O2 to make ATP, cannot breathe
58
What is overall function of the cerebellum? Where is it located? What is it also called? What are the 2 hemispheres connected by?
- controls balance
- inferior to occipital lobes
- little brain
- connected by vermis
59
What is the function of the thalamus, & why is it called the “Gateway to the Cortex”?
-relay station where all sensory information goes to first
60
What is the function of the thalamus, & why is it called the “Gateway to the Cortex”? Why is a metaphor for it?
- relay station where all sensory information goes to first to be sorted and sent to the cortex
- thalamus = secretary
- cortex = CEO
61
List the functions of the hypothalamus
1. Regulates sleep-wake cycles (biological clock)
2. Thirst centers.
3. Hunger centers
4. Controls electrolytes and ions
5. Regulates body temperature
6. Autonomic control center for many visceral functions
7. controls Blood pressure, heart rate
8. Produces hormones
9. Controls the Endocrine system
10. controls respiration
62
What are factors that help transfer short term memories to long term memories? (5)
rehersal, practice, association, experience, application
63
What is hydrocephalus? What happens in babies? Why is hydrocephalus an emergency in adults?
- blockage of the CSF at the medulla oblongata results in accumulation. itracranial pressure increases and damages the brain
- in babies, their bones are not united so as CSF accumulates, head gets bigger
- in adults, the head cannot expand so puts pressure on brain as it continues to expand, which results in paralysis & death
64
What is faiting called? What is it?
- syncopy
| - brief loss of consciousness
65
What is coma? It is the result of the damage of _____.
- extended loss of consciousness
| - damage to the reticular formation
66
What is insomnia
chronic inability to sleep
67
What is a concussion?
head hits something, brain bruise
68
What is meningitis?
bacterial, viral, fungal infections of the meninge
69
What is alzheimers?
when you start forgetting things
70
What are transient ischemic attacks?
temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
71
What is sleep apnea? What happens?
-temporary cessation of breathing during sleep while you snore. as a result, CO2 accumulates and the person wakes up to breathe
72
What is narcolepsy?
abrupt lapse into sleep from awake state
73
What are seizures due to?
epilipsy
74
What are brain disorders/conditions related to consciousness? (12)
syncopy, coma, stroke, insomnia, concussions, contusion, menningitis, hydrocephalus, parkinsons, huntingtons, schizophrenia, aphasia
75
What are brain disorders/conditions related to alternations of alertness and drowsiness?
hemorrhage, dyslexia, Alzheimers, transient ischemic attacks, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, seizures
76
What is dyslexia? Which part of the brain does it affect?
difficulty in learning how to read
| Left hemisphere
77
What is a haemorrhage?
bleeding
78
What is a contusion?
permanent brain damage
79
Identify At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end? List the site where a lumbar puncture be performed?
between L1 and L2, below L2
80
Do most spinal nerves carry sensory, motor impulses or both?
both
81
Axons carrying what type of impulses travel in the dorsal roots? In the ventral roots?
```
dorsal = sensory
ventral = motor
```
82
Know meninges of spinal cord and spaces formed by them in order.
```
epidural space
dura mater
sudural space
archnoid
subarchnoid
pia mater
```
83
Identify the location of epidural space and what is in it?
- between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater
| - network of fat & veins
84
Identify the normal components of CSF? (7) What does it NEVER have? What happens if it does?
- gucose, O2, vitamins, ions (Na, Cl, Mg)
| - never RBC, brain damaged and is bleeding somewhere
85
dorsal, ventral, and lateral white columns are also called_____. What is found here? Cortical means _____. Corticospinal means _____.
faniculi
ascending sensory tract
descending motor tract
```
cortical = end in cortex, ascending tract
corticospinal = start in cortex, end in spine, descending tract
```
86
What type of neuron cell bodies are found in the dorsal gray horn? ventral gray horn? lateral gray horn?
dorsal horns = interneurons
ventral horn = somatic motor neurons
lateral horn = visceral motor neurons (sympathetic)
87
Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons found?
dorsal root ganglia
88
What kinds of neurons are in the spinal nerve, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, ventral root?
89
Lateral horns are located in these 2 regions.
thoracic & lumbar
90
Interneurons lie here.
premotor cortex
91
What causes polio? What happens to the muscles? Death results due to _____ of _____ (organ system 1) and _____ (organ system 2)
- damage in the lower (ventral horn) motor neuron
- muscles atrophy
- death due to flaccid paralysis of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrest
92
What is alzheimers?
when you start forgetting things
93
funiculus are grey/white matter and horns are grey/white matter
```
funiculi = white matter
horn = grey matter
```
94
Damage to the brain will affect the _____ motor neuron, and a damage to the spine affects the _____ motor neuron.
```
brain = upper motor neuron
spine = lower motor neuron
```
95
What are pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts a part of?
What impulses travel in the pyramidal tracts? Where do these tracts arise from? What term describes it?
What impulses travel in the extrapyramidal tracts? Where do these tracts arise from? What term describes it?
Descending motor tracts.
Pyramidal
- voluntary control
- arise in the cortex
- corticospinal
Extrapyramidal
- involuntary control
- arise anywhere else
- rubrospinal
96
How many neurons are in the ascending sensory tract and descending motor tracts?
```
asending = 3
descending = 2
```
97
What kind of motor problems would be seen in:
Damage to the _____ neurons causes flaccid paralysis.
Damage to the _____ neurons causes spastic paralysis.
Where are the damages in both? What happens to the reflexes?
flaccid = damage to the ventral horn cells (lower motor neurons)
- damage in spinal chord
- reflexes hypoactive or absent, muscles atrophy
spastic = damage to the upper motor neurons of the primary cortex
- damage in brain
- reflexes hyperactive because no voluntary control of muscles from the cortex
98
How many neurons are in the ascending sensory tract and descending motor tracts?
```
asending = 3
descending = 2
```
99
Ascending neurons first stop at the _____.
thalamus
100
If time
Upper motor neurons are made of _____ cells in the _____ (region of brain).
Lower motor neurons are made of _____ neurons that innervate _____ (organ).
upper motor neurons are made of pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex
lower motor neurons are made of ventral horn motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles
101
Cord transection in the cervical area
quadriplegia
| everything below cervical area paralyzed
102
Cord transection below the thoracic area
paraplegia
- lower limb paralized
- transectio between T1 and L1
103
What is ALS/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also called? It involves progressive destruction of _____ neurons and the _____ tract. How does death occur?
- Lou Gehrig's disease
- destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and the pyramidal tract
- respiratory neurons damaged, cannot breathe, death
104
There is/isn't eye movement in REM sleep.
no eye movement
105
_____ waves are seen in deep sleep.
delta
106
What makes up the sympathetic nervous system?
sympathetic = visceral motor neurons
