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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue sheaths in a muscle? What kind of CT are they?

A

Epimysium: dense regular connective tissue
Perimysium: fibrous connective tissue
Endomysium: fine areolar connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of the muscles?

A 
skeletal muscle
fasicle
muscle fibers
myofibril
myofilaments
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3
Q

Actin & myosin

Which one is thick and thin? Which one attaches to the z disc?

___ blocks ___ and ___ holds it in place

___ has 2 binding sites, one for ___ and one for ___.

A

thick myosin
thin actin

Tropomyosin blocks actin. Troponin holds Tropomyosin in place

myosin has 2 binding sites for ATP & actin binding site

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4
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens & load is moved

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5
Q

Which 2 toxin are involved in flaccid paralysis? Convulsions? Is Ach high or low in each?

A
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6
Q

In a muscle twith, the period of ___ involves cross bridge formation.

A

contraction

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7
Q

What neurons are mutiploar, bipolar, unipolar?

A 
multipolar = motor neurons & interneurons
bipolar = retina of eye & special senses
unipolar = sensory neurons
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a smooth muscle?

\_\_\_ store Ca.
Protein \_\_\_ binds to Ca. (no troponin)
No \_\_\_, \_\_\_, \_\_\_.
Innervated by \_\_\_.
\_\_\_ store and release neurotransmitters.
A

caveolae store Ca2+
No troponin; protein calmodulin binds Ca2+
No sarcomeres, myofibrils, or T tubules,
Autonomic nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle
Varicosities (bulbous swellings) of nerve fibers store and release neurotransmitters

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9
Q

___ in the CNS

___ in the PNS produce myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes in CNS

schwann cells in the PNS

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10
Q

Nodes of ranvier have ___ gated ___ channels

A

voltage gated Na channels

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11
Q

runners high

A

endorphins

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12
Q

RER of neurons is called

A

nissl body

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13
Q

smooth muscles are present in ___ and ___,

A

iris of the eye and the walls of blood vessel

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14
Q

How do local and general anesthetics work?

A 
local = influx of Cl for hyperpolarization
general = closes voltage gated Na channels (no depolarization)
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15
Q

Flow of AP neuron to neuron

A
  1. action potential opens voltage-gated Ca++ on the neuron. the Ca++ goes to the terminal button
  2. acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft
  3. RMP - negative on the inside, positive on the outside
  4. Graded potential - Acetyl choline attaches to the ligand gated Na+ channel, the receptor opens and lets Na+ inside, making the charge more positive. Creates graded potential, which is a local change
  5. Depolarization - once the threshold is reached, the graded potential opens up the voltage-gated Na+ channels, to let even more Na+ inside, rapidly. This makes all of the cell membrane positive. In this stage, action potential has occurred.
  6. Repolarization - voltage-gated Na+ channels close, and voltage-gated K+ channels open and let K+ go outside, making the inside negative again.
  7. Hyperpolarization - cell becomes more negative than original as K+ channel remains open. Here, cells cannot do anything and become inhibited
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16
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the skeletal muscle?
4 of the smooth?
3 of the cardiac?

A
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17
Q

What is myogolbin?

A
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18
Q

Flow of AP for muscle contraction - worksheet

A
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19
Q

diffusion vs facilitated diffusion vs receptor mediated vs voltage mediated diffusion

A

diffusion = leakage proteins, small/nonpolar molecules
facilitated diffusion = larger molecules
receptor mediated = ligands attach to receptors
voltage mediated = change in voltage opens channels

20
Q

what is the contractile unit of a skeletal muscle?

A

sarcomere

21
Q

what is a sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

22
Q

What does a skeletal muscle contain? (4)

A

connective tissue, nerves, arteries/veins, muscle fibeers

23
Q

muscle cells are

A

muscle fibers

24
Q

___ of sarcolemma contain ligand gated Na channels

A

motor end plate

25
Q

what is the function of the t tuble

A

transmits AP deep into muscle

26
Q

what 2 things are involved in excitation contraction coupling/events at cross bridge?

A

Ca & ATP

27
Q

what happens in rigor mortis?

A

no ATP binds to myosin to release it from actin

28
Q

what are prefixes used to describe muscle?

A

mys, myo, sarco

29
Q

myosin/actin has ATPase

A

myosin

30
Q

the fastest way to get ATP

A

CP + ADP

31
Q

this stage of cellular respiration provides the most ATP

A

ETC

32
Q

lactic acid formation occurs when there is no ___, Thus it is called

A

O2, anaerobic respiration

33
Q

junctional folds increse ___

A

SA

34
Q

graded potential occurs in the

A

dendrites

35
Q

polysynaptic membrane is in the ___

A

dendrites

36
Q

Resting membrane potential is +/- with Na

A
  • with less Na
37
Q

in a graded potential, ___ channels open

A

ligand gated Na channels

38
Q

hyperpolarization is the influx of

A

Cl-

39
Q

fastest conduction occurs in ___ fibers, where it is the ___

A

A, thickest

40
Q

+35 to 0 is

A

repolarization

41
Q

Ach can be ___ or ___ depending on the receptors

A

inhibitory, excitatory

42
Q

true or false

there is cytoplasm in axon too

A

true

43
Q

loss of muscle mass is called

A

atrophy

44
Q

destroys Ach at the NMJ

A

acetylcholinesterase

45
Q

depolarization is when ___ channels open and ___ moves into the cell

A

voltage gated Na, Na

46
Q

repolarization is when ___ channels open and ___ leaves

A

voltage gated K, K

47
Q

true or false

graded potential can be EPSP or IPSP

A

true

Anatomy & Physiology (23 decks)

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