Exam 3

Question 1

What are the 3 connective tissue sheaths in a muscle? What kind of CT are they?

Answer 1

Epimysium: dense regular connective tissue
Perimysium: fibrous connective tissue
Endomysium: fine areolar connective tissue

Question 2

What is the hierarchy of the muscles?

Answer 2

skeletal muscle
fasicle
muscle fibers
myofibril
myofilaments

Question 3

Actin & myosin

Which one is thick and thin? Which one attaches to the z disc?

___ blocks ___ and ___ holds it in place

___ has 2 binding sites, one for ___ and one for ___.

Answer 3

thick myosin
thin actin

Tropomyosin blocks actin. Troponin holds Tropomyosin in place

myosin has 2 binding sites for ATP & actin binding site

Question 4

isotonic contraction

Answer 4

muscle shortens & load is moved

Question 5

Which 2 toxin are involved in flaccid paralysis? Convulsions? Is Ach high or low in each?

Answer 5

Question 6

In a muscle twith, the period of ___ involves cross bridge formation.

Answer 6

contraction

Question 7

What neurons are mutiploar, bipolar, unipolar?

Answer 7

multipolar = motor neurons & interneurons
bipolar = retina of eye & special senses
unipolar = sensory neurons

Question 8

What are the characteristics of a smooth muscle?

\_\_\_ store Ca.
Protein \_\_\_ binds to Ca. (no troponin)
No \_\_\_, \_\_\_, \_\_\_.
Innervated by \_\_\_.
\_\_\_ store and release neurotransmitters.

Answer 8

caveolae store Ca2+
No troponin; protein calmodulin binds Ca2+
No sarcomeres, myofibrils, or T tubules,
Autonomic nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle
Varicosities (bulbous swellings) of nerve fibers store and release neurotransmitters

Question 9

___ in the CNS

___ in the PNS produce myelin sheath

Answer 9

oligodendrocytes in CNS

schwann cells in the PNS

Question 10

Nodes of ranvier have ___ gated ___ channels

Answer 10

voltage gated Na channels

Question 11

runners high

Answer 11

endorphins

Question 12

RER of neurons is called

Answer 12

nissl body

Question 13

smooth muscles are present in ___ and ___,

Answer 13

iris of the eye and the walls of blood vessel

Question 14

How do local and general anesthetics work?

Answer 14

local = influx of Cl for hyperpolarization
general = closes voltage gated Na channels (no depolarization)

Question 15

Flow of AP neuron to neuron

Answer 15

1. action potential opens voltage-gated Ca++ on the neuron. the Ca++ goes to the terminal button
2. acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft
3. RMP - negative on the inside, positive on the outside
4. Graded potential - Acetyl choline attaches to the ligand gated Na+ channel, the receptor opens and lets Na+ inside, making the charge more positive. Creates graded potential, which is a local change
5. Depolarization - once the threshold is reached, the graded potential opens up the voltage-gated Na+ channels, to let even more Na+ inside, rapidly. This makes all of the cell membrane positive. In this stage, action potential has occurred.
6. Repolarization - voltage-gated Na+ channels close, and voltage-gated K+ channels open and let K+ go outside, making the inside negative again.
7. Hyperpolarization - cell becomes more negative than original as K+ channel remains open. Here, cells cannot do anything and become inhibited

Question 16

What are the 5 characteristics of the skeletal muscle?
4 of the smooth?
3 of the cardiac?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is myogolbin?

Question 18

Flow of AP for muscle contraction - worksheet

Question 19

diffusion vs facilitated diffusion vs receptor mediated vs voltage mediated diffusion

Answer 19

diffusion = leakage proteins, small/nonpolar molecules
facilitated diffusion = larger molecules
receptor mediated = ligands attach to receptors
voltage mediated = change in voltage opens channels

Question 20

what is the contractile unit of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 20

sarcomere

Question 21

what is a sarcolemma

Answer 21

muscle cell membrane

Question 22

What does a skeletal muscle contain? (4)

Answer 22

connective tissue, nerves, arteries/veins, muscle fibeers

Question 23

muscle cells are

Answer 23

muscle fibers

Question 24

___ of sarcolemma contain ligand gated Na channels

Answer 24

motor end plate

Question 25

what is the function of the t tuble

Answer 25

transmits AP deep into muscle

Question 26

what 2 things are involved in excitation contraction coupling/events at cross bridge?

Answer 26

Ca & ATP

Question 27

what happens in rigor mortis?

Answer 27

no ATP binds to myosin to release it from actin

Question 28

what are prefixes used to describe muscle?

Answer 28

mys, myo, sarco

Question 29

myosin/actin has ATPase

Answer 29

myosin

Question 30

the fastest way to get ATP

Answer 30

CP + ADP

Question 31

this stage of cellular respiration provides the most ATP

Answer 31

ETC

Question 32

lactic acid formation occurs when there is no ___, Thus it is called

Answer 32

O2, anaerobic respiration

Question 33

junctional folds increse ___

Answer 33

SA

Question 34

graded potential occurs in the

Answer 34

dendrites

Question 35

polysynaptic membrane is in the ___

Answer 35

dendrites

Question 36

Resting membrane potential is +/- with Na

Answer 36

- with less Na

Question 37

in a graded potential, ___ channels open

Answer 37

ligand gated Na channels

Question 38

hyperpolarization is the influx of

Answer 38

Cl-

Question 39

fastest conduction occurs in ___ fibers, where it is the ___

Answer 39

A, thickest

Question 40

+35 to 0 is

Answer 40

repolarization

Question 41

Ach can be ___ or ___ depending on the receptors

Answer 41

inhibitory, excitatory

Question 42

true or false there is cytoplasm in axon too

Answer 42

true

Question 43

loss of muscle mass is called

Answer 43

atrophy

Question 44

destroys Ach at the NMJ

Answer 44

acetylcholinesterase

Question 45

depolarization is when ___ channels open and ___ moves into the cell

Answer 45

voltage gated Na, Na

Question 46

repolarization is when ___ channels open and ___ leaves

Answer 46

voltage gated K, K

Question 47

true or false graded potential can be EPSP or IPSP

Answer 47

true