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PANRE > Neph / Urology > Flashcards

Neph / Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Which renal function is most sensitive to dehydration?

A

BUN

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2
Q

How will the urine appear with intrinsic renal disease?

A

Casts (WBC, RBC, granular, epithelial) and protein

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3
Q

What is a new bio-marker for detecting acute kidney injury?

A

Cystatin-C

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4
Q

What ultrasound finding indicates a chronic renal problem?

A

Small kidney (less than 10cm)

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5
Q

What are indications for dialysis?

A

Acidosis
Electrolyte disorder
fluid overload
Uremic complications

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6
Q

Most common causes of chronic kidney disease?

A

DM
HTN
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic Kidney Disease

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7
Q

Three abnormal symptoms of renal failure?

A

Metallic taste
Hiccups
Pruritus

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8
Q

What is the gold standard for identifying renal disease?

A

GFR

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9
Q

What is the marker for kidney disease?

A

Proteinuria

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10
Q

What test looks for recent strep infection and can be helpful in evaluating post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

ASO titer

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11
Q

How do we define nephrotic syndrome?

A

Excretion of > 3.5 g of protein (per 1.73 sq meters of body surface area)

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12
Q

What are the manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Hypoalbuminemia
Lipiduria
Hypercholesterolemia
Edema

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13
Q

What is a key urine finding in nephrotic syndrome?

A

Oval fat body in urine

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14
Q

What is the diagnostic method of choice for polycystic kidney disease?

A

ultrasound

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15
Q

What are 80% of kidney stones made of?

A

Calcium

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16
Q

What stones are produced by infections?

A

Struvite stones

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17
Q

What is the modality of choice in identifying kidney stones?

A

Abd / Pelvic CT without contrast

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18
Q

What are 5 causes of Diabetes Insipidus?

A 
Inherited
Lithium
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
Renal Disease
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19
Q

What urine osmolality points to DI?

A

<250 mOsm / kg

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20
Q

How is DI treated?

A

intranasal desmopressin

21
Q

What medication should be administered to patients with hyperkalemia and EKG changes?

A

Calcium Gluconate

22
Q

What are EKG changes of Hyperkalemia?

A

Peaked T waves
wide QRS
flat P waves

23
Q

What treatment is used to remove potassium from the body?

A

Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)

24
Q

Classic sign of hypocalcemia - tapping on the cheek?

A

Chvostek sign (facial spasms)

25
Q

Classic sign of hypocalcemia - inflating BP cuff on arm?

A

Trousseau sign (wrist / hand spasm)

26
Q

What is suggested treatment for cystitis?

A

Fluoroquinolone or nitrofurantoin, 3-5 days

27
Q

What meds will change your urine red / orange?

A

Phenazopyridine and Rifampin

28
Q

Most common bug to cause pyelonephritis?

A

E Coli

29
Q

Recommended treatment for prostatitis?

A

Cipro 500mg bid x 2-6wks OR
Levaquin 500mg qd x 2-6wks OR
TMP-SMX bid x 6wks

30
Q

What is the bug in epididymitis for males <35 yrs old?

A

GC / Chlamydia

31
Q

What is the bug in epididymitis for males >35 yrs old?

A

E Coli

32
Q

Classic (though unreliable) sign of epididymitis?

A

Prehn’s sign (lifting of testicle relieves pain = epididymitis, does not relieve pain = torsion)

33
Q

What medication class is effective in treating urge incontinence?

A

anticholingergic

34
Q

What is most common kind of prostate cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

35
Q

Most common renal cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

36
Q

Classic triad for renal cancer?

A

Hematuria
Flank pain
Palpable mass

37
Q

What is the most common solid renal tumor in children?

A

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

38
Q

What is the initial imaging to evaluate abdominal masses?

A

ultrasound

39
Q

Most common cancer in young men?

A

Testicular

40
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

Cryptoorchidism or past testicular cancer

41
Q

What diagnostic markers for non-seminomatous germ cell testicular cancer?

A

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)

beta-HCG

42
Q

What is it called when foreskin cannot be retracted over glans of penis?

A

Phimosis

43
Q

What leads to paraphimosis?

A

frequent cauterizations without reducing the foreskin

44
Q

What is a fibrous plaque causing penile curvature?

A

Peyronie’s disease

45
Q

What class of meds are used for erectile dysfunction?

A

PDE (phosphodiesterase) 5 inhibitor

46
Q

Which two scrotal masses trans-illuminate?

A

Hydrocele

Spermatocele

47
Q

Which scrotal mass has a “bag of worms” presentation?

A

Varicocele

48
Q

How can the presentation of varicocele be more pronounced?

A

Valsalva

PANRE (18 decks)

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