Neph / Urology

Question 1

Which renal function is most sensitive to dehydration?

Answer 1

BUN

Question 2

How will the urine appear with intrinsic renal disease?

Answer 2

Casts (WBC, RBC, granular, epithelial) and protein

Question 3

What is a new bio-marker for detecting acute kidney injury?

Answer 3

Cystatin-C

Question 4

What ultrasound finding indicates a chronic renal problem?

Answer 4

Small kidney (less than 10cm)

Question 5

What are indications for dialysis?

Answer 5

Acidosis
Electrolyte disorder
fluid overload
Uremic complications

Question 6

Most common causes of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 6

DM
HTN
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic Kidney Disease

Question 7

Three abnormal symptoms of renal failure?

Answer 7

Metallic taste
Hiccups
Pruritus

Question 8

What is the gold standard for identifying renal disease?

Answer 8

GFR

Question 9

What is the marker for kidney disease?

Answer 9

Proteinuria

Question 10

What test looks for recent strep infection and can be helpful in evaluating post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Answer 10

ASO titer

Question 11

How do we define nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 11

Excretion of > 3.5 g of protein (per 1.73 sq meters of body surface area)

Question 12

What are the manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 12

Hypoalbuminemia
Lipiduria
Hypercholesterolemia
Edema

Question 13

What is a key urine finding in nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 13

Oval fat body in urine

Question 14

What is the diagnostic method of choice for polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 14

ultrasound

Question 15

What are 80% of kidney stones made of?

Answer 15

Calcium

Question 16

What stones are produced by infections?

Answer 16

Struvite stones

Question 17

What is the modality of choice in identifying kidney stones?

Answer 17

Abd / Pelvic CT without contrast

Question 18

What are 5 causes of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 18

Inherited
Lithium
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
Renal Disease

Question 19

What urine osmolality points to DI?

Answer 19

<250 mOsm / kg

Question 20

How is DI treated?

Answer 20

intranasal desmopressin

Question 21

What medication should be administered to patients with hyperkalemia and EKG changes?

Answer 21

Calcium Gluconate

Question 22

What are EKG changes of Hyperkalemia?

Answer 22

Peaked T waves
wide QRS
flat P waves

Question 23

What treatment is used to remove potassium from the body?

Answer 23

Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)

Question 24

Classic sign of hypocalcemia - tapping on the cheek?

Answer 24

Chvostek sign (facial spasms)

Question 25

Classic sign of hypocalcemia - inflating BP cuff on arm?

Answer 25

Trousseau sign (wrist / hand spasm)

Question 26

What is suggested treatment for cystitis?

Answer 26

Fluoroquinolone or nitrofurantoin, 3-5 days

Question 27

What meds will change your urine red / orange?

Answer 27

Phenazopyridine and Rifampin

Question 28

Most common bug to cause pyelonephritis?

Answer 28

E Coli

Question 29

Recommended treatment for prostatitis?

Answer 29

Cipro 500mg bid x 2-6wks OR Levaquin 500mg qd x 2-6wks OR TMP-SMX bid x 6wks

Question 30

What is the bug in epididymitis for males <35 yrs old?

Answer 30

GC / Chlamydia

Question 31

What is the bug in epididymitis for males >35 yrs old?

Answer 31

E Coli

Question 32

Classic (though unreliable) sign of epididymitis?

Answer 32

Prehn's sign (lifting of testicle relieves pain = epididymitis, does not relieve pain = torsion)

Question 33

What medication class is effective in treating urge incontinence?

Answer 33

anticholingergic

Question 34

What is most common kind of prostate cancer?

Answer 34

adenocarcinoma

Question 35

Most common renal cancer?

Answer 35

adenocarcinoma

Question 36

Classic triad for renal cancer?

Answer 36

Hematuria Flank pain Palpable mass

Question 37

What is the most common solid renal tumor in children?

Answer 37

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

Question 38

What is the initial imaging to evaluate abdominal masses?

Answer 38

ultrasound

Question 39

Most common cancer in young men?

Answer 39

Testicular

Question 40

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

Answer 40

Cryptoorchidism or past testicular cancer

Question 41

What diagnostic markers for non-seminomatous germ cell testicular cancer?

Answer 41

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) | beta-HCG

Question 42

What is it called when foreskin cannot be retracted over glans of penis?

Answer 42

Phimosis

Question 43

What leads to paraphimosis?

Answer 43

frequent cauterizations without reducing the foreskin

Question 44

What is a fibrous plaque causing penile curvature?

Answer 44

Peyronie's disease

Question 45

What class of meds are used for erectile dysfunction?

Answer 45

PDE (phosphodiesterase) 5 inhibitor

Question 46

Which two scrotal masses trans-illuminate?

Answer 46

Hydrocele | Spermatocele

Question 47

Which scrotal mass has a "bag of worms" presentation?

Answer 47

Varicocele

Question 48

How can the presentation of varicocele be more pronounced?

Answer 48

Valsalva