Neoplasia Flashcards
Reactive cellular changes (4)
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
Atrophy
Dec in tissue mass 2/2 dec size and/or number of cells
Caused by: disuse, denervation, loss of blood supply, loss of hormonal stimulation, poor nutrition
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells. May be a RF for malignancy
Metaplasia
Replacement of one cell type by another.
Usually due to exposure to irritant. May be reversible if irritant is removed. BUT may also undergo malignant transformation if stimulus continues.
Ex: Barrett esophagus
Paraneoplastic and neoplastic cellular changes (4)
- Neoplasia
- Dysplasia
- Differentiation
- Anaplasia
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled, clonal proliferation of cells, can be benign or malignant
Dysplasia
Disordered, non-neoplastic cell growth.
(only epithelial)
Mild usually reversible
Severe usually progresses to carcinoma in situ
Differentiation
Degree to which a malignant tumor resembles its tissue of origin.
Well-dif resemble tissue of origin
Poorly-dif do not
Anaplasia
Complete lack of differentiation of cells in malignant neoplasm
Tumor grade
- Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology
- Range from low grade (well differentiated) to high grade (poorly differentiated, undifferentiated, anaplastic)
Tumor stage
- Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of 1o lesion, spread to regional LN, presence of metastases (TNM)a
- Stage is almost always more prognostic than grade
Carcinoma
implies epithelial origin
Sarcoma
denotes mesenchymal origin
Hamartoma
non-neoplastic disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their native locations (Peutz-Jeghers polyps)
Choristoma
Normal tissue in a foreign location (gastric tissue in distal ileum such as in a Meckel diverticulum)
Characteristics of a benign tumor
Well dif, well demarcated, low mitotic activity, no metastasis, no necrosis
Characteristics of a malignant tumor
Poor dif, erratic growth, local invasion, metastasis, decrease in apoptosis
Upregulation of telomeres prevents chromosomal shortening and cell death
Epidemiology of skin cancer
basal > squamous»_space;> melanoma
Incidence of cancers in males
- prostate
- lung (dropped in men but not in women)
- colon/rectum
Incidence of cancers in women
- Breast
- Lung
- colon/rectum
Mortality of cancer in men
- Lung
- Prostate
- colon/rectum
Mortality of cancer in women
- Lung
- Breast
- colon/rectum
Mediators of cachexia
TNF
INF-g
IL1
IL6
