Neoplasia 3 Sept27 M2 Flashcards
steps to diagnose a neoplasm (6)
- Clinical (hist+phys)
- Radiology
- Lab measurements(biochem, hematology,…)
- Tumor markers (in tissue or serum)
- Patho/tissue diagnosis
- Other patho techniques
2 patho/tissue diagnosis methods
Cytopathology (smears, FNA)
Biopsy/Histopatho techniques
Other patho techniques (ancillary) (3)
IHC
Flow cytometry
Molecular/cytogenetic analyses
effects/symptoms of neoplasms (3)
- local: mass/bleeding
- metastases
- systemic (endocrino, paraneoplastic)
causes of death in malignancy (2)
- infection due to immunosuppression
- organ failure
4 goals of neoplasm therapy
- curative
- debulking
- adjuvant, neo-adjuvant (before or after main treatment)
- palliative
modalities (treatments) of therapy neoplasms (single or combined) (5)
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- immunotherapy
- targeted molecular therapy
prognostic vs predictive factor in neoplasm
prognostic: chances of survival
predictive: responsiveness to treatment
examples of prognostic factors
- type of neoplasm
- location
- grading/staging
examples of predictive factors
-presence of expression of certain proteins (like receptors)
3 most incident cancers in men (decreasing order)
Prostate, lung, colorectal
3 most deadly (higher mortalities) cancer in men (decreasing order)
lung, prostate, colorectal
3 most incident cancers in women (decreasing order)
breast, lung, colorectal
3 most deadly (higher mortalities) cancer in women (decreasing order)
lung, breast, colorectal
2 types of cancer etiologies
exogenous and endogenous
examples of exogenous cancer etiologies
- chemical carcinogens
- physical agents (radiation, UV)
- biological agents (viruses, etc.)
examples of endogenous cancer etiologies
- Genetics
- Gender and hormones
- Altered immunity
3 leading causes of cancer
- tobacco
- diet (equal to tobacco)
- sexual behavior and infections
4 descriptors of carcinogenicity (by WHO and IARC, international agency for research on cancer)
Group 1, group 2, group 3, group 4
group 1 carcinogen meaning
carcinogenic to humans (120)
group 2 carcinogen meaning
probably (81) or possibly (299) carcinogenic to humans
group 3 carcinogen meaning
not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans (502)
group 4 carcinogen meaning
probably not carcinogenic to humans (1)
5 occupational carcinogens
dyes, asbestos, silica, radon, benzene
4 medicinal carcinogens
- busulphan (anti-cancer drugs)
- estrogens, tamoxifen, diethylstilbestrol (DES) (hormones or hormone related)
3 radiation induced cancers and the causing radiation
- thyroid/lung/breast/liver: Ionizing radiation (x and gamma rays, alpha and beta particles)
- skin basal cell, squamous CAs, melanomas (UV)
- leukemia (electromagnetic fields of low freq)
3 classes of biological carcinogens
viruses, bacteria, parasites
initiator vs promoter carcinogen
initiator: mutagenic
promoters: increase prolif, favor tumour growth (not mutagenic)
give 1 bacteria as carcinogen, what cancer and mechanism of action
Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer CA + lymphoma, indirect mechanism: causes chronic inflammation (promoter)
give 1 parasite as carcinogen, what cancer and mechanism of action
schistosoma hematobium. bladder CA, promoter (indirect)
give 5 viruses as carcinogens and their general mech of action
HIV, HPV, HTLV-1, polyoma virus, HBV/HCV
viruses general mechanism of action (2 possibilities)
- direct (via oncogenic protein), insert in sequence
- indirect via inflam, cell damage, inserted promoters)
HPV, what cancer + mech of action
cervix CA, anal CA, testicular CA.
Direct. Inserts in DNA
HIV, what cancer + mech of action
Lymphoma, Kaposi SA (skin).
Indirect. Has immunosuppressive effects.
HTLV-1, what cancer + mech of action
leukemia. Initiator (direct)
HBC, HCV, what cancer + mech of action
Liver CA. Initiator. Causes cirrhosis
polyoma virus, what cancer + mech of action
merkel cell CA (skin). Direct (initiator)
EBV, what cancer + mech of action
Lymphoma, nasoph. CA. Initiator
HHV-8, what cancer + mech of action
Kaposi SA, lymphoma. Initiator
