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Bloc B - Respiration > Neoplasia 3 Sept27 M2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 3 Sept27 M2 Flashcards

1
Q

steps to diagnose a neoplasm (6)

A
  • Clinical (hist+phys)
  • Radiology
  • Lab measurements(biochem, hematology,…)
  • Tumor markers (in tissue or serum)
  • Patho/tissue diagnosis
  • Other patho techniques
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2
Q

2 patho/tissue diagnosis methods

A

Cytopathology (smears, FNA)

Biopsy/Histopatho techniques

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3
Q

Other patho techniques (ancillary) (3)

A

IHC
Flow cytometry
Molecular/cytogenetic analyses

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4
Q

effects/symptoms of neoplasms (3)

A
  • local: mass/bleeding
  • metastases
  • systemic (endocrino, paraneoplastic)
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5
Q

causes of death in malignancy (2)

A
  • infection due to immunosuppression

- organ failure

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6
Q

4 goals of neoplasm therapy

A
  • curative
  • debulking
  • adjuvant, neo-adjuvant (before or after main treatment)
  • palliative
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7
Q

modalities (treatments) of therapy neoplasms (single or combined) (5)

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted molecular therapy
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8
Q

prognostic vs predictive factor in neoplasm

A

prognostic: chances of survival
predictive: responsiveness to treatment

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9
Q

examples of prognostic factors

A
  • type of neoplasm
  • location
  • grading/staging
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10
Q

examples of predictive factors

A

-presence of expression of certain proteins (like receptors)

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11
Q

3 most incident cancers in men (decreasing order)

A

Prostate, lung, colorectal

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12
Q

3 most deadly (higher mortalities) cancer in men (decreasing order)

A

lung, prostate, colorectal

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13
Q

3 most incident cancers in women (decreasing order)

A

breast, lung, colorectal

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14
Q

3 most deadly (higher mortalities) cancer in women (decreasing order)

A

lung, breast, colorectal

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15
Q

2 types of cancer etiologies

A

exogenous and endogenous

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16
Q

examples of exogenous cancer etiologies

A
  • chemical carcinogens
  • physical agents (radiation, UV)
  • biological agents (viruses, etc.)
17
Q

examples of endogenous cancer etiologies

A
  • Genetics
  • Gender and hormones
  • Altered immunity
18
Q

3 leading causes of cancer

A
  • tobacco
  • diet (equal to tobacco)
  • sexual behavior and infections
19
Q

4 descriptors of carcinogenicity (by WHO and IARC, international agency for research on cancer)

A

Group 1, group 2, group 3, group 4

20
Q

group 1 carcinogen meaning

A

carcinogenic to humans (120)

21
Q

group 2 carcinogen meaning

A

probably (81) or possibly (299) carcinogenic to humans

22
Q

group 3 carcinogen meaning

A

not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans (502)

23
Q

group 4 carcinogen meaning

A

probably not carcinogenic to humans (1)

24
Q

5 occupational carcinogens

A

dyes, asbestos, silica, radon, benzene

25
Q

4 medicinal carcinogens

A
  • busulphan (anti-cancer drugs)

- estrogens, tamoxifen, diethylstilbestrol (DES) (hormones or hormone related)

26
Q

3 radiation induced cancers and the causing radiation

A
  • thyroid/lung/breast/liver: Ionizing radiation (x and gamma rays, alpha and beta particles)
  • skin basal cell, squamous CAs, melanomas (UV)
  • leukemia (electromagnetic fields of low freq)
27
Q

3 classes of biological carcinogens

A

viruses, bacteria, parasites

28
Q

initiator vs promoter carcinogen

A

initiator: mutagenic
promoters: increase prolif, favor tumour growth (not mutagenic)

29
Q

give 1 bacteria as carcinogen, what cancer and mechanism of action

A

Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer CA + lymphoma, indirect mechanism: causes chronic inflammation (promoter)

30
Q

give 1 parasite as carcinogen, what cancer and mechanism of action

A

schistosoma hematobium. bladder CA, promoter (indirect)

31
Q

give 5 viruses as carcinogens and their general mech of action

A

HIV, HPV, HTLV-1, polyoma virus, HBV/HCV

32
Q

viruses general mechanism of action (2 possibilities)

A
  • direct (via oncogenic protein), insert in sequence

- indirect via inflam, cell damage, inserted promoters)

33
Q

HPV, what cancer + mech of action

A

cervix CA, anal CA, testicular CA.

Direct. Inserts in DNA

34
Q

HIV, what cancer + mech of action

A

Lymphoma, Kaposi SA (skin).

Indirect. Has immunosuppressive effects.

35
Q

HTLV-1, what cancer + mech of action

A

leukemia. Initiator (direct)

36
Q

HBC, HCV, what cancer + mech of action

A

Liver CA. Initiator. Causes cirrhosis

37
Q

polyoma virus, what cancer + mech of action

A

merkel cell CA (skin). Direct (initiator)

38
Q

EBV, what cancer + mech of action

A

Lymphoma, nasoph. CA. Initiator

39
Q

HHV-8, what cancer + mech of action

A

Kaposi SA, lymphoma. Initiator

Bloc B - Respiration (36 decks)

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