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Bloc B - Respiration > Embryology Intro Sept27 M1 > Flashcards

Embryology Intro Sept27 M1 Flashcards

1
Q

Menstruation: how long occured before fertilization

A

2 weeks

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2
Q

2 ages that can be given prenatally and difference

A

Fertilization age

Last menstruation period age (2 weeks more)

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3
Q

two developmental phases prenatally + length + total length

A

embryonic: 60 days (2 months, 8 weeks)
fetal: 206 days (7 months, 30 weeks)
Total: 266 days (9 months, 38 weeks)

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4
Q

most important prenatal phase of development and why (3)

A

embryonic.
Most important events.
Great impact on subsequent dev
Most malformations there (most vulnerable phase)

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5
Q

T-F: time of birth is fixed

A

Range that can go from 230 to 290 days of gestation

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6
Q

gestation definition

A

developmental phase between fertilization and birth (prenatal)

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7
Q

ways to estimate date of birth (2)

A

add 266 days to estimated day of fertilization

add 280 days to last normal menstruation period (LNMP)

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8
Q

embryonic development description + 2 events that summarize that

A

formation of cells, tissues and organs (with cellular interactions between cells)
Histogenesis
Organogenesis

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9
Q

Histogenesis def

A

Org of cells into tissues

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10
Q

Organogenesis

A

Interactions between tissues to form organs (Ex. epith + CT + vascular and nerves form liver)

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11
Q

which embryonic event is the most vulnerable and why

A

organogenesis bc very complex

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12
Q

how embryonic dev forms lots of lineages

A

Embryogenesis involves prolif of cells and tissues that differentiate infunction (muscles, epith, etc.)

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13
Q

Fetal development description

A

transitional phase, active differentiation and formation of organs and systems continues to prepare maturation and birth

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14
Q

Postnatal development phases (6)

A

Neonate, Infant, child, puberty, adolescence, adult

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15
Q

ontogeny definition

A

study of continuous changes from fertilization to death

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16
Q

most vulnerable postnatal phase and why

A

neonate. bc exposed to new enviornment outside uterus

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17
Q

neonate def

A

birth to 1 month old (new born)

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18
Q

infant def

A

1st year of postnatal development (birth to 1 year old)

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19
Q

child def

A

1 year old to puberty

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20
Q

puberty def

A

female first menstrual cycle and male production of mature spermatozoa

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21
Q

adolescence def

A

physical and sexual maturation of secondary sexual characteristics giving ability to reproduce

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22
Q

adult def

A

full growth of long bones and maturity

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23
Q

what is visible (developped) in 40 days embryo

A

brain, eye, nervous system, lung, heart, liver, umbilical cord, upper limbs + fingers, lower limbs wo fingers

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24
Q

why most serious congenital malformations occur during embryonic phase of dev

A

vulnerable bc so many processes happening and complex

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25
Q

5 mechanisms of development

A

1) cell division, mitosis
2) cell migration
3) cell to cell interaction
4) programmed cell death (apoptosis)
5) Genetically controlled transitions between cell types (EMT MET)

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26
Q

Most vulnerable mechanism during development and why

A

Mitoses bc are affected by radiation and other things

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27
Q

hypoplasia and hyperplasia in dev, def

A

abnormal reduced or increased number of cell divisions

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28
Q

conequence of a mass being under or overdeveloped other than it working differently

A

affects neighboring organs and their placement

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29
Q

Pierre Robin sequence (3)

A

1) Mandibular micrognathia: prevents descending of tongue causing cleft palate (CF)
2) CF: wider and U shaped rather than regular CP
3) Glossoptosis: causing airway obstruction

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30
Q

Pierre Robin sequence reason for it (what happened)

A

hypoplasia causes mandibule to be small, prevents tongue from going down and palate from closing

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31
Q

cell migration: what cells do long range migration (3)

A

Primordial germ cells (PGCs), Neural crest cells (NCCs), Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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32
Q

cell migration: what cell do short range migration

A

cells within tissues and organs

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33
Q

tissue migration def and how controlled

A

convergent-extension of tissues regulted by planar-cell polarity genes
(genetically regulated)

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34
Q

Cell-to-cell interaction characteristics (3)

A

direct contact, short distances, matrix

35
Q

What cells form the head and neck and how much do they migrate

A

Neural crest cells (NCCs)

Long range migration

36
Q

Cell interaction first step and its consequence

A

Form junction (direct cell contact) and this affects the genetics

37
Q

what molecules can influence cell interaction

A

signaling molecules in the matrix and receptors on cell surfaces

38
Q

what does binding of a signaling molecule to a cell’s receptor tell the cell

A

tells it to migrate towards a certain direction, to a certain cell

39
Q

what happens when two cell receptors interact (cells form direct contact) and consequence on cell that just arrived

A

new patterns of gene expression. cell now transformed, becomes different, can secrete new substances in matrix to create gradient effect

40
Q

Gradient effect of molecules in matrix: what’s the importance

A

influences differentiation

41
Q

How matrix regulates the molecules present in it

A

Regulates ligand availability. Ligands can become active

42
Q

Feedback mechanism in cell-to-cell interaction

A

cell with new gene expression can send molecule back to initial cell (paracrine) to control gene expression of initial cell

43
Q

Programmed cell death (Apoptosis) function

A

ensures critical cell numbers and sculpturing of organs

44
Q

programmed cell death: in what phases of development?

A

prenatal and postnatal

45
Q

apoptosis function in postnatal development

A

maintain optimal cell number in renewing tissues. Balance mitosis and cell death

46
Q

How programmed cell death discovered

A

with syndatylyl: unseparated fingers at birth

47
Q

Genetically controlled cell type transitions: 2 exemples

A

Epithelial-mesenchyme transition EMT or opposite (MET)

48
Q

Epithelium definition (4)

A

cells polarized, lining cavities, BM, junctional complexes

49
Q

EMT steps (5)

A

1) loss of polarity
2) cytoskel reorg
3) BM broken down
4) Cell passes through BM
5) Cell changes shape

50
Q

what controls EMT and MET

A

genetics

51
Q

3 phases of prenatal dev and what days

A

Pre-implantation phase (days 1-6)
Implantation phase (days 6-10)
Post-implantation phase (implantation to birth)

52
Q

Pre-implantation phase def

A

Fertilization to implantation. Dev in Fallopian tube to form blastocyst (independent dev in zona pellucida)

53
Q

Implantation phase def

A

active embedding and erosion in endometrium + establishement of early placenta (dependence on mother’s blood for nutrition)

54
Q

Post-implantation phase def (or significance)

A

dependence on mother’s blood for nutrition, excretion and gaseous exchange

55
Q

where fertilization occurs in fallopian tube

A

near ovaries

56
Q

blastocyst vs zona pellucida (and function of zona pellucida)

A

blastocyst: result of cell divisions of zygote

zona pellucida: protein shell around it (important role in indep development of zygote)

57
Q

Why IVF success rate is low

A

When fertilization, many zygotes get lot of chromosome abnormalities. After first or second division, lot of cell death.

58
Q

how zygote moves in fallopian tube

A

cilia in tube + SM contraction

59
Q

Ectopic pregnancy: why it occurs

A

when scarring or genetic defects in uterus, not allowed to move there.

60
Q

secondary oocyte (before fertilization): nucleus, cytoplasm and surrounding

A

haploid nucleus, cytoplasm rich in RNA and mt, peri-vitelline space surrounds, then zona pellucida

61
Q

after fertilization, zygote formation and first mitosis, what’s the result

A

two blastomeres phase

totipotent potential

62
Q

2nd mitosis result

A

four plastomere phase

totipotent potential

63
Q

3rd and 4th mitosis result

A

8-16 blastomere phase (Morula)

totipotency reduced

64
Q

how can get twins

A

if two totipotent blastomeres of the 1st mitosis separate

65
Q

phase that follows Morula phase and two regions

A

compaction phase

outer and inner microenvironment

66
Q

compaction phase: what surface blastomeres do

A

Develop gap junctions and tight junctions (E cadherins), have polarized apical surfaces, BM forms

67
Q

what happens after compaction phase (what outer and inner cells do + name of the whole thing)

A

outer cells become trophoblast (or trophectoderm) and form placenta
inner cells: embryo
outer + inner cells: conceptus

68
Q

what is cavity between inner cell mass and outer cell mass in conceptus

A

fluid filled blastocoele

69
Q

other way to get twins

A

if inner cell mass separates at the conceptus step

70
Q

what inner cell mass does at conceptus step (2)

A

1) Forms a central space within itself: amniotic cavity

2) Forms an endoderm that will line the blastocoele

71
Q

result when primitive endoderm of inner cell mass proliferates on the trophectoderm

A

blastocoele lined by primitive endoderm called the yolk sac

72
Q

Name of two cell types in the embryo when have amniotic cavity and yolk sac

A 
primitive ectoderm (lines amniotic cavity)
primitive endoderm (lines yolk sac)
73
Q

other name for primitive ectoderm lining the amniotic cavity

A

amniotic epithelium

74
Q

when done having primitive ecto and endoderm (and yolk sac and amniotic cavity), what happens

A

primitive ectoderm gives rise to extra-embryonic mesenchyme

75
Q

extra-embryonic mesenchyme: what it does and what it contains

A 
distributes on (around) yolk sac and amnion
contains PSCs (primordial stem cells) and hemangioblasts
76
Q

hemangioblasts def

A

multipotent precursor cells that can differentiate into both hematopoietic and endothelial cells.

77
Q

why we say that the embryo is bilaminar

A

because has two germ layers (primitive ectoderm and primitive endoderm)

78
Q

other name for ptimitive endoderm

A

hypoblast

79
Q

trophectoderm histology and function

A

epithelium programmed to interact with uterine endometrium to promote adhesion and invasion

80
Q

inner cell mass (ICM) function

A

capable of producing all the cell lineages of the embryo and produces a primitive endoderm

81
Q

primitive endoderm role

A

role in subsequent dev of embryo

82
Q

ICM content

A

pluripotent cells, embryonic stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation

83
Q

Gastrulation def

A

formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) that will interact and form all the tissues in the body

Bloc B - Respiration (36 decks)

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